A revision of the genus Nechamandra (Hydrocharitaceae)

A Reappraisal of Phylogentic Relationships in the Monocotyledon Family Hydrocharitaceae (Alismatidae)

“…1: habitat (0 = freshwater; 1 = marine); 2: habit (0 = rosettes with rhizomes/stolons; 1 = rosettes with roots only; 2 = procumbent rhizomatous stems; 3 = caulescent with rhizomes/stolons; 4 = caulescent with roots only); 3: cauline phyllotaxy (0 = whorled; 1 = alternate, scattered; 2 = opposite/pseudowhorled; 3 = both scattered and compacted as rosettes); 4: leaf habit (0 = air contact; 1 = both air contact and submerged; 2 = submerged only); 5: petiole (0 = present; 1 = absent); 6: lamina (0 = broad, circular; 1 = short, linear; 2 = ribbon-like; 3 = broad and ribbon-like); 7: leaf margins (0 = toothed or with hard spine cells; I = entire or with soft fin cells); 8: enlarged, paired, apical leaf-spines (0 = absent; 1 = present); 9: number of mesophyll layers (0 = more than 3; 1 = 0-3); 10: abaxial spongy leaf tissue (0 = absent; 1 = present); 11: abaxial midvein teeth (0 = absent; 1 = present); 12: stipules (0 = present; 1 = absent); 13: squamules (0 = more than 2 per leaf axil; 1 = single or paired); 28: anthers (0 = tetrasporangiate; 1 = bi-or uni-sporangiate; 2 = tetra-and tri-or bi-sporangiate); 29: pollen (0 = monads; 1 = tetrads and monads; 2 = moniliform); 30: pollen exine (0 = echinate; I = baculate to spinulose; 2 = reticulate; 3 = smooth; 4 = exine lacking); 31: floral symmetry (0 = actinomorphic; 1 = tendency toward zygomorphy in ontogeny); 32: pollination syndrome (0 = entomophilous; 1 = "B" type of Cook (1982); 2 = epihydrophilous; 3 = hypohydrophilous; 4 = anemophilous ); 33: female flower number (0 = more than 1; 1 = maximum of 1); 34: number of bracts [female inflorescence] (0 = 2; 1 = 1); 35: female spathe (0 = unfused; 1 = fused); 36: female sepals (0 = present; 1 = absent); 37: female petals (0 = present; 1 = absent); 38: female flower hypanthium (0 = absent; 1 = elongated); 39: female flower staminodia (0 = present; 1 = absent); 40: female flower (0 = stalked; 1 = sessile); striate, smooth or reticulate); 49: endotegmen tuberculae (0 = absent; 1 = present); 50: seed shape (0 = cylindrical, ellipsoidal, fusiform; 1 = pyriform; 2 = globose); 51: placentation (0 = laminar; 1 =parietal; 2 =basal); 52: ovules (0 = anatropous; 1 = orthotropous); 53: fruit type (0 = dry; 1 = fleshy); 54: fruit surface (0 = smooth; 1 = hairy, scarious or spiny); 55: mucilage in fruit (0 = absent; 1 = present)…”

“…Characters and character states used in morphological phylogenetic analyses were compiled from numerous sources, principally: Richard (1811); Chatin (1855a, f); Caspary (1857a, b); Rohrbach (1871); Rendle (1901); Kirchner et al (1908); Marie-Victorin (1931); Singh (1965); Kaul (1969Kaul ( , 1970; Tomlinson (1969Tomlinson ( , 1982; Hartog (1970);Wilder (1975); Cook (1982Cook ( , 1985Cook ( , 1996; Liiond (1982a, b, c, 1983); Cook and Triest (1982); Lowden (1982); Triest (1982); Cook and Urmi-Konig (1983a, b, 1984a, b, 1985; Symoens and Triest (1983); Cook et al (1984); Catling and Wojtas (1986);Shaffer-Fehre (1991a, b); Appert (1996) as well as from observations of living and preserved material. We scored a total of 55 characters representing 16 vegetative and 39 reproductive traits (Tables 2, 3).…”

“…7). When pollination types (as classified by Cook 1982) were mapped on the same cladogram, entomophily was plesiomorphic with hydrophily being derived and homoplasious (Fig. 7).…”

“…John (1962, 1965 reduced Apalanthe to a subgenus of Elodea; whereas, Hauman-Merck (1912, 1915 merged both Apalanthe and Egeria with Elodea on the basis of their pollination system. Cook (1985) remarked that Apalanthe shared many features in common with Egeria or Elodea and was "patristically related" to Egeria. Cook and Urmi-Konig (1985) concluded that Elodea probably was related most closely to Apalanthe.…”

“…("hydrocharits") are aquatic monocotyledons currently circumscribed as comprising 17 genera and approximately 75 species (Cook 1996). Despite their relatively small size, Hydrocharitaceae exhibit some of the greatest diversity of any aquatic angiosperm family, including freshwater and marine species; annual and perennial life histories; amphibious, free-floating, and submersed lifeforms; broad to narrowly linear leaves in rosettes or caulescent arrangements; showy to highly reduced flowers; wind, insect, and water pollination, and male flowers that detach and float on the water surface as some examples.…”