A Revision of the American Hippocastanaceae

Hardin, James W.

doi:10.2307/2804781

Cited by 53 publications

(85 citation statements)

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“…and 13 species of Aesculus recognized by Hardin (1957cHardin ( , 1957dHardin ( , 1960 as well as Aesculus glabra var. & Lind., and B. hippocastanum Peyr.)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4b and 4c). Hardin (1957cHardin ( , 1960) discussed relationships of the American and Asiatic taxa of Aesculus in two distinct studies. In our analyses, section Parryanae occurs as sister to the other four sections of the genus Aesculus.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Relationships In Aesculus and Billiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Xiang et al (1998b) also used Hardin's data for a combined morphological and molecular (ITS) analysis, which also differs from the topologies obtained here. In his study of the American taxa, Hardin (1957cHardin ( , 1957d proposed that section Pavia was sister to all other sections in the genus. Sections Macrothyrsus and Pavia are sister taxa and occur as a monophyletic group sister to sections Calothyrsus and Aesculus.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Relationships In Aesculus and Billiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A morphological phylogenetic analysis ofAesculusL. andBilliaPeyr. (Sapindaceae)

Forest¹,

Drouin²,

Charest³

et al. 2001

Can. J. Bot.

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The hippocastanaceous Sapindaceae (family Hippocastanaceae) consists of two genera: Aesculus and Billia. The genus Aesculus (buckeyes) is distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. Twelve of the thirteen species of Aesculus are found in eastern Asia and North America, and one is native to Europe. The two species of the genus Billia are found in South and Central America. Aesculus is traditionally divided into five sections. This analysis, based on morphological characters, suggests that the monotypic section Parryanae (Aesculus parryi Gray) is sister to the remainder of the genus, and the other species are divided into two clades. One clade comprises all species from southeastern North America with the monotypic section Macrothyrsus (Aesculus parviflora Walt.) as sister to section Pavia. The other clade consists of all species found in Eurasia included in sections Aesculus and Calothyrsus, with the only North American member of this clade (Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutall) as sister to the rest of the group. According to this analysis, section Calothyrsus is rendered paraphyletic by the inclusion of section Aesculus. In contrast to previous studies that suggest an Asian origin for the genus, our study suggests an American origin for Aesculus from an ancestor similar to Billia with a single migration to Eurasia via the Bering land bridge.Résumé : Les Sapindaceae hippocastanoïdes (la famille des Hippocastanaceae) sont formées de deux genres, Aesculus et Billia. Le genre Aesculus (les marronniers) est répartie dans l'ensemble de l'hémisphère nord. La majorité des 13 espèces du genre se retrouvent en Asie de l'Est et en Amérique du Nord. Une seule espèce est indigène en Europe. Les deux espèces du genre Billia sont distribuées en Amérique Centrale et du Sud. Le genre Aesculus est traditionnellement divisé en cinq sections. Cette analyse phylogénétique fondée sur des caractères morphologiques place la section Parryanae (Aesculus parryi Gray) comme groupe frère du reste du genre, ce dernier étant subdivisé en deux clades. Le premier clade inclut toutes les espèces du sud-est de l'Amérique du Nord, c'est-à-dire les sections Macrothyrsus et Pavia. La section Macrothyrsus est monotypique (Aesculus parviflora Walt.) et groupe-frère de la section Pavia. Le second clade regroupe toutes les espèces retrouvées en Eurasie (sections Aesculus et Calothyrsus). Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutall, la seule espèce américaine de ce clade, se retrouve à la base. La section Calothyrsus est rendue paraphylétique par l'inclusion de la section Aesculus. Contrairement à certaines études antérieures qui suggèrent une origine asiatique pour le genre Aesculus, notre étude propose plutôt une origine américaine à partir d'un ancêtre similaire à Billia, suivi d'une seule migration vers l'Eurasie via le détroit de Béring.

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“…and 13 species of Aesculus recognized by Hardin (1957cHardin ( , 1957dHardin ( , 1960 as well as Aesculus glabra var. & Lind., and B. hippocastanum Peyr.)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phylogenetic Relationships In Aesculus and Billiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phylogenetic Relationships In Aesculus and Billiamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A morphological phylogenetic analysis ofAesculusL. andBilliaPeyr. (Sapindaceae)

Forest¹,

Drouin²,

Charest³

et al. 2001

Can. J. Bot.

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show abstract

“…Both of these topological devices can be translated into the respective categorical ranking of sister groups. These methods (37) generally attempt to discover the shortest possible "tree" that is compatible with the data. Yet, anyone familiar with the frequency of evolutionary reversals and of evolutionary opportunism, realizes the improbability of the assumption that the tree constructed by this socalled "parsimony method" corresponds to the actual phylogenetic tree.…”

Section: Testing the Naturalness Of Taxamentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Classification: Toward a Synthesis of Opposing Methodologies

Mayr

1981

Science

220

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Currently a controversy is raging as to which of three competing methodologies of biological classification is the best: phenetics, cladistics, or evolutionary classification. The merits and seeming deficiencies of the three approaches are analyzed. Since classifying is a multiple-step procedure, it is suggested that the best components of the three methods be used at each step. By such a synthetic approach, classifications can be constructed that are equally suited as the basis of generalizations and as an index to information storage and retrieval systems.

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“…They appear in different plant families and have been isolated from many species by numerous investigators (reviewed in Sprag et al; 8). The genus Aesculus, commonly called the "buckeye", includes some of the most widely distributed plants in the Northern Hemisphere; this genus consists of 13-19 species that are currently found in eastern Asia, North America, and Europe [11]. Raven et al [12] and Qiu et al [13] have documented the North A m e r i c a n o r i g i n o f A e s c u l u s a n d i t s f a m i l y Hippocastanaceae, and their subsequent migration to other continents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-inflammatory and Anti-cancer Properties of β-Escin, a Triterpene Saponin

Patlolla

Rao

2015

Curr Pharmacol Rep

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Horse chestnut seed extract is well known for its antiedematous and anti-inflammatory medicinal properties. More recently, potential anti-carcinogenic properties have been described. β-Escin, a pentacyclic triterpene saponin with aglycone moieties, is the main active compound in horse chestnut seed extract. Here, we summarize the anti-cancer properties of β-escin in preclinical models, and its potential pharmacological use as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of edema and chronic venous insufficiency. The major mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory activities are through modulation of eicosanoids and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB). Anti-proliferation activities occur via induction of p21 and decreased expression of cyclin D1 and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. In addition, we discuss the clinical pharmacokinetics of β-escin and review the factors that determine its absorption, bioavailability, and distribution in animals. Despite the many beneficial effects of β-escin, it has been studied less extensively in models of cancer. Further studies are warranted to assess the usefulness of β-escin for cancer prevention and therapy.

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A Revision of the American Hippocastanaceae

Cited by 53 publications

References 0 publications

A morphological phylogenetic analysis ofAesculusL. andBilliaPeyr. (Sapindaceae)

A morphological phylogenetic analysis ofAesculusL. andBilliaPeyr. (Sapindaceae)

Biological Classification: Toward a Synthesis of Opposing Methodologies

Anti-inflammatory and Anti-cancer Properties of β-Escin, a Triterpene Saponin

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