A Revision of <i>Sumatroscirpus</i> (Sumatroscirpeae, Cyperaceae) with Discussions on Southeast Asian Biogeography, General Collecting, and Homologues with <i>Carex</i> (Cariceae, Cyperaceae)

Léveillé‐Bourret, Étienne; Starr, Julian R.; Ford, Bruce A.

doi:10.1600/036364418x697247

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The starkly different pattern of species richness and extent of distribution between the near cosmopolitan Carex with 2000 species and its sister group Sumatroscirpus with three species that are restricted to SE Asia (Léveillé‐Bourret et al, ) is congruent with a positive area‐richness correlation pattern and suggests that colonization out of E Asia may have facilitated the diversification in Carex through the occupation of novel ecological niches (Spalink et al, ). A similar scenario is found within Carex , with the subg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tale of worldwide success: Behind the scenes of Carex (Cyperaceae) biogeography and diversification

Martín‐Bravo

Jiménez‐Mejías

Villaverde

et al. 2019

J of Sytematics Evolution

168

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The megadiverse genus Carex (c. 2000 species, Cyperaceae) has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, displaying an inverted latitudinal richness gradient with higher species diversity in cold‐temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Despite great expansion in our knowledge of the phylogenetic history of the genus and many molecular studies focusing on the biogeography of particular groups during the last few decades, a global analysis of Carex biogeography and diversification is still lacking. For this purpose, we built the hitherto most comprehensive Carex‐dated phylogeny based on three markers (ETS–ITS–matK), using a previous phylogenomic Hyb‐Seq framework, and a sampling of two‐thirds of its species and all recognized sections. Ancestral area reconstruction, biogeographic stochastic mapping, and diversification rate analyses were conducted to elucidate macroevolutionary biogeographic and diversification patterns. Our results reveal that Carex originated in the late Eocene in E Asia, where it probably remained until the synchronous diversification of its main subgeneric lineages during the late Oligocene. E Asia is supported as the cradle of Carex diversification, as well as a “museum” of extant species diversity. Subsequent “out‐of‐Asia” colonization patterns feature multiple asymmetric dispersals clustered toward present times among the Northern Hemisphere regions, with major regions acting both as source and sink (especially Asia and North America), as well as several independent colonization events of the Southern Hemisphere. We detected 13 notable diversification rate shifts during the last 10 My, including remarkable radiations in North America and New Zealand, which occurred concurrently with the late Neogene global cooling, which suggests that diversification involved the colonization of new areas and expansion into novel areas of niche space.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tale of worldwide success: Behind the scenes of Carex (Cyperaceae) biogeography and diversification

Martín‐Bravo

Jiménez‐Mejías

Villaverde

et al. 2019

J of Sytematics Evolution

168

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“…The first option is undesirable because Cariceae is one of the best‐defined Cyperaceae tribes, having been recognized as a natural group since the late 18th and early 19th centuries (Jussieu, ; Kunth, ). Merging Cariceae with Scirpeae would create a group that would be impossible to define using macroscopic characters, and it would obfuscate the important differences in inflorescence morphology existing between Cariceae and all other Cyperaceae lineages (Gilly, ; Kukkonen, ; Timonen, ; Vrijdaghs & al., ; Léveillé‐Bourret, ,c). It would also be contrary to the general direction in which all modern suprageneric classifications of Cyperaceae have been going: to progressively split large heterogenous tribes into smaller, but more homogenous and natural tribes (Goetghebeur, and references therein; Table ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most species were scored by direct examination of herbarium specimens, often including types, from the following herbaria: A, AAH, ASU, B, BO, CAN, CAS, CHICO, CHR, CHSC, DAO, DOV, FHO, G, GB, GH, HNU, IBSC, K, L, MICH, MO, MT, NY, OSC, P, PRE, SI, SING, SYS, UBC, UPS, US, W, WIN, and WIS. Data were also obtained from our own field observations in eastern Canada, western U.S.A., South America, and northern Vietnam, as well as from original descriptions, floras, revisions, and other literature sources (e.g., Kükenthal, ; Kukkonen, ; Egorova, ; Ball & Reznicek, ; Whittemore & Schuyler, ; Strong, ; Dhooge, ; Reznicek & González Elizondo, ; Dai & al., ; Liang & Tucker, ,b,c; Zhang & Noltie, ; Gilmour & al., ; Léveillé‐Bourret & al., , ). Embryological characters were scored exclusively from the literature (Van der Veken, ; Goetghebeur & Coudijzer, ; Strong, ; Dhooge, ; Gilmour & al., ; Semmouri, ; Léveillé‐Bourret & al., ; Semmouri & al., ). Micromorphological data on fruit anticlinal cell walls were also obtained from the literature (e.g., Schuyler, ; Tucker & Miller, ; Waterway, ; Menapace, ; Zhang, ; Sawtell, ; Villaverde, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The small tribe Dulichieae (3 genera, 4–6 spp.) possesses fertile prophylls like Cariceae and Sumatroscirpeae, but they are open and squamiform, and the tribe is further characterized by its distichous spikelets and flowers (Léveillé‐Bourret & al., ). Khaosokia is a recently discovered monospecific genus of uncertain tribal affinity that is endemic to limestone cliffs of peninsular Thailand (Simpson & al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…shares perigynia with Cariceae, these two tribes forming together a “Perigynium Clade” (Léveillé‐Bourret & al., ). However, Sumatroscirpeae differs from Cariceae by its possession of bisexual flowers with perianth bristles (Léveillé‐Bourret & al., ,c). The small tribe Dulichieae (3 genera, 4–6 spp.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular and morphological data reveal three new tribes within the Scirpo‐Caricoid Clade (Cyperoideae, Cyperaceae)

Léveillé‐Bourret

Starr

2019

TAXON

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The circumscription of the circumboreal tribe Scirpeae has been contentious since the earliest infrafamilial classifications of the Cyperaceae (>100 genera,~5500 species). Molecular phylogenetic studies place Scirpeae in a strongly supported clade with the enigmatic genus Khaosokia and tribes Cariceae, Dulichieae, and Sumatroscirpeae, a lineage comprising more than 40% of all Cyperaceae species. This lineage was previously known as the Cariceae-Dulichieae-Scirpeae (CDS) clade. Here we informally characterize it as the "Scirpo-Caricoid Clade". Previous phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies of the Scirpo-Caricoid Clade have shown Scirpeae to be paraphyletic, forming four distinct lineages that are successive sisters to a Cariceae+Sumatroscirpeae clade, thus confirming decade-old suspicions that the modern circumscription of Scirpeae is unnatural. Using a total-evidence phylogenetic analysis incorporating three plastid markers (matK, ndhF, rps16), two nuclear ribosomal markers (ETS-1f, ITS), and 64 morphological characters, this study confirms the paraphyly of Scirpeae, the isolated phylogenetic position of Khaosokia, and identifies morphological synapomorphies for seven monophyletic lineages that are here recognized as tribes. Our new classification places for the first time all genera of the Scirpo-Caricoid Clade into natural tribes that are identifiable using morphological and embryological characters. Three new tribes are proposed: Calliscirpeae tr. nov., Khaosokieae tr. nov. and Trichophoreae tr. nov. Diagnoses for all tribes of the Scirpo-Caricoid Clade, an identification key to all currently recognized Cyperaceae tribes, and identification keys for all genera of the Scirpo-Caricoid Clade are provided.

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Biogeography and systematics ofCarexsubgenusUncinia(Cyperaceae): A unique radiation for the genusCarexin the Southern Hemisphere

García‐Moro

Otero

Benítez‐Benítez

et al. 2022

TAXON

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Carex subg. Uncinia (Cyperaceae) constitutes one of six currently recognized Carex subgenera. This subgenus is mainly distributed on the American continent and in the Pacific region, and it is the only subgenus almost entirely absent from the Old World and primarily diversified in the Southern Hemisphere. It includes some of the few Carex species with clear epizoochoric traits: the representatives of C. sect. Uncinia possess utricles with an exserted and hooked rachilla that allows the diaspores to attach to feather or hair. We performed phylogenetic (ITS, ETS‐1f, matK), biogeographic, and ancestral state reconstruction analyses to elucidate the systematic structure, origin and dispersal routes, and major morphological evolutionary patterns of the different lineages within the subgenus. Our phylogenetic reconstructions revealed that the subgenus comprises seven different clades that mostly match previously recognized sections. One of the clades, however, represents a new section described herein as C. sect. Wheelerianae. Unispicate lineages evolved repeatedly from ancestors bearing multispicate inflorescences, while the presence of a rachilla, often pictured as a plesiomorphy in Carex, seems to have developed four independent times in the evolution of C. subg. Uncinia. The origin of the subgenus dates back to the beginning of the Miocene, probably in North America from where it colonized the Southern Hemisphere. It first dispersed to South America during the Early Miocene. Later, in the Middle Miocene, representatives of C. sect. Uncinia would reach the Pacific Southwest region (New Zealand, Australasia) from South America in at least two independent dispersal events. The vast majority of the biogeographic events seem to be explained by long‐distance dispersal. The remarkable dispersal ability of C. sect. Uncinia enabled by the hooked rachilla has allowed it to reach remote archipelagos in the Pacific and Subantarctic regions, probably bird‐mediated.

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A Revision of Sumatroscirpus (Sumatroscirpeae, Cyperaceae) with Discussions on Southeast Asian Biogeography, General Collecting, and Homologues with Carex (Cariceae, Cyperaceae)

Cited by 5 publications

References 70 publications

A tale of worldwide success: Behind the scenes of Carex (Cyperaceae) biogeography and diversification

A tale of worldwide success: Behind the scenes of Carex (Cyperaceae) biogeography and diversification

Molecular and morphological data reveal three new tribes within the Scirpo‐Caricoid Clade (Cyperoideae, Cyperaceae)

Biogeography and systematics ofCarexsubgenusUncinia(Cyperaceae): A unique radiation for the genusCarexin the Southern Hemisphere

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