A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels¹

Function word erosion which is not a frequency effect: On exemplars and prosodic paradigm levelling

“…In terms of the lexemes affected, this change was not fully regular. The vowel resulting from the change has become [ɑ7] in RP English (now merged with /ɑ/), [a7] in Australian English (merged with /ɑ/), and has tensed (for example to [eə]) in the Middle Atlantic dialects of the northeastern United States (see Phillips, 1989;Labov, 1994:429-433;Durie and Hajek, 1994). In addition to this another, more regular change also lengthened short/ae/ to long [ae7] in closed syllables before all anterior nasals, as in ram, ramp, pan, pant and sand.…”

Australian English

“…This is a revised symbol set for SAusE which was developed to indicate phonetic properties of the vowels more accurately than the earlier system recommended by Mitchell (1946). The Mitchell (1946) transcription system for vowels more strongly reflects a British rather than an Australian standard due to its historical origins (Clark 1989, Durie & Hajek 1994, Harrington et al 1997, Ingram 1995). The revised symbol set adheres to the IPA principle of selecting symbols to represent phonemes that are closest to the corresponding cardinal vowels.…”

Voice - How humans communicate?

“…The voice's linguistic mechanism in Figure 1 can therefore be properly understood to comprise, in addition to the tone of voice, a large part of the speaker's grammar. [ 1 6 30 31 ]…”

“…Because they are also part of the voice, and because they may be referred to in forensic-phonetic reports, it is important to provide a brief characterization of each. [ 1 2 13 30 31 ]…”