A Revised Scheme for the Classification of Population Interactions

Arthur, Wallace; Mitchell, Paul

doi:10.2307/3566099

Cited by 47 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Following Arthur and Mitchell (1989), we refer to a mix of positive and negative indirect effects, (þ, À) or (À, þ), as contramensalism. We refer to two positive indirect effects (þ, þ) as mutualism.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The many potential indirect interactions between predators that share competing prey

Abrams

Cortez

2015

Ecological Monographs

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Using a Lotka-Volterra model, we explore how the indirect interactions between two predators are altered by interspecific competition between two shared prey. We identify when different indirect interactions arise between the predators, classifying interactions by predator responses to (1) slightly increased mortality in the other predator, (2) a slightly decreased population of the other predator, or (3) removal of the other predator. When interspecific prey competition is low, all methods predict negative indirect effects between predators, i.e., competitive interactions. Strong and/or highly asymmetric interspecific prey competition often produces at least one positive indirect effect between predators, i.e., mutualism or contramensalism. However, the three methods often disagree about the strength of and signs characterizing the indirect effects between predators, including cases where all three methods predict a qualitatively different interaction. These differences arise for a variety of reasons, including hydra effects (where a predator increases in abundance with increased mortality) and extinction of prey species following the removal of one predator. We also show that cyclic dynamics do not arise in our model when there is a single predator, but under strong interspecific prey competition, the indirect interactions between two predators can drive cyclic community dynamics. Similar phenomena are likely to occur in other food webs, and understanding them will be required to predict the impact of environmental change on the abundances of species in those webs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The many potential indirect interactions between predators that share competing prey

Abrams

Cortez

2015

Ecological Monographs

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“…Such a (+,−) interaction structure is known as contramensalism ( Arthur and Mitchell 1989 ). First, species 2 ( x 2 ; the non-HE species) has positive self-effects.…”

Section: Hydra Effects In Two-species Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydra effects in stable communities and their implications for system dynamics

Cortez

Abrams

2016

Ecology

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A hydra effect occurs when the mean density of a species increases in response to greater mortality. We show that, in a stable multispecies system, a species exhibits a hydra effect only if maintaining that species at its equilibrium density destabilizes the system. The stability of the original system is due to the responses of the hydra-effect species to changes in the other species' densities. If that dynamical feedback is removed by fixing the density of the hydra-effect species, large changes in the community make-up (including the possibility of species extinction) can occur. This general result has several implications: (1) Hydra effects occur in a much wider variety of species and interaction webs than has previously been described, and may occur for multiple species, even in small webs; (2) conditions for hydra effects caused by predators (or diseases) often differ from those caused by other mortality factors; (3) introducing a specialist or a switching predator of a hydra-effect species often causes large changes in the community, which frequently involve extinction of other species; (4) harvest policies that attempt to maintain a constant density of a hydra-effect species may be difficult to implement, and, if successful, are likely to cause large changes in the densities of other species; and (5) trophic cascades and other indirect effects caused by predators of hydra-effect species can exhibit amplification of effects or unexpected directions of change. Although we concentrate on systems that are originally stable and models with no stage-structure or trait variation, the generality of our result suggests that similar responses to mortality will occur in many systems without these simplifying assumptions. In addition, while hydra effects are defined as responses to altered mortality, they also imply counterintuitive responses to changes in immigration and other parameters affecting population growth.

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“…Both allelopathic and allelocatalytic responses to extracellular excretions have been documented (Mucibabic, 1957;Provasoli, 1958;Lilly & Stillwell, 1965). Based on these studies, it appears that all types of biotic interactions (see the comprehensive scheme of Arthur & Mitchell, 1989) are possible in natural communities.…”

Section: Because Most Microbes Are Tolerant Of a Wide Range Of Enviromentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited versus unlimited membership in microbial communities: evaluation and experimental tests of some paradigms

McCormick

Cairns

1991

Hydrobiologia

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A Revised Scheme for the Classification of Population Interactions

Cited by 47 publications

References 5 publications

The many potential indirect interactions between predators that share competing prey

The many potential indirect interactions between predators that share competing prey

Hydra effects in stable communities and their implications for system dynamics

Limited versus unlimited membership in microbial communities: evaluation and experimental tests of some paradigms

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