A Reviewing Approach to Analyze the Advancements of Error Detection and Correction Codes in Channel Coding With Emphasis on LPWAN and IoT Systems

Abstract

Error control coding improves reliability and efficiency of wireless communication systems. This research delves into the latest advancements in error control coding schemes for wireless communication systems, with a specific focus on their application within the domain of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) such as Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) systems, LoRa energy-efficient hardware design, random access control systems, and wireless sensor networks. In the context of LPWANs, particularly NB-IoT systems, we investigate the adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) in NB-IoT systems, which adapts coding rates and modulation techniques to changing channel circumstances. Comprehensive analysis of the literature review shows that the proposed approaches are more energy efficient and less errorprone than fixed coding and modulation schemes. Using Cell Design Methodology (CDM), Single Error Correction (SEC) codes are optimized for energy efficiency. Power and energy efficiency have improved in standard CMOS and CDM logic systems. This impacts IoT devices, memory storage, and security systems. Next, Forward Error Correction (FEC) is examined for ALOHA-based random-access control systems wherein packet loss rate and spectral efficiency metrics are mathematically calculated. FEC is beneficial, especially when time and frequency synchronization diverge. Monte Carlo simulations studied in the literature shows that FEC improves satellite communication systems. This review establishes benefits of FEC, notably in satellite communications systems. In addition, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) error control techniques and network reliability and performance are examined along with Convolutional, Turbo, Low density parity check codes(LDPC), and Polar error correction coding (ECC) methods. We learn about their benefits, drawbacks, and implementation challenges by assessing their efficacy, efficiency, and applicability in wireless sensor networks (WSN) applications. This study further highlights advancements of energy-efficient error control coding when, integrated into network designs alongwith the trade-offs between efficacy and intricacy to help improve wireless communication networks. Finally, this study summarizes current error control coding approaches for wireless communication systems. We provide insights into improving reliability, energy conservation, and efficacy by examining ACM, CDM, FEC, and error correction coding (ECC) across varied domains including LPWAN and IoT technologies with earnest hope to facilitate researchers, engineers, and professionals working in the field of error control coding in wireless communication.

Error mitigation in LPWAN systems: A study on the efficacy of Hamming-coded RPW

“…The use of ECC is particularly beneficial in situations that require a higher level of error tolerance such as servers, data centers, and deep space missions. Since ensuring the integrity of the data is crucial in these applications as any inaccuracies or errors can have substantial consequences, ECC offers a reliable technique for protection against soft errors to maintain accuracy and integrity of the data [ 15 ] but the type of ECC used depends on the type of application and the size of data being transmitted [ 4 ].…”

“…Additionally, for applications primarily related with single-bit error correction and where codeword size is a limiting factor, Hamming codes offer superior efficiency. They achieve this correction with less redundancy compared to Reed-Solomon (RS) codes which are designed to handle multiple errors within a codeword [ 4 ]. The robust error correction capabilities of RS codes involve complexity to offer advantages in channels with significant noise or for applications transmitting large data packets where correcting multiple errors within a codeword is crucial.…”

“…The utilization of LPWAN technology for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication facilitates monitoring of IoT devices along with their surroundings regardless of geographical location. In addition, LPWANs are considered highly suitable options for IoT applications on account for their prolonged battery longevity exceeding 10 years with extended coverage area up to a few kilometers [ 3 , 4 ].…”