A Review: Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nano and Micro Materials by High Temperature and High Pressure

Abstract

This review covers the production of solid carbonaceous materials at high temperatures (above 500 °C) and high pressures. The review orders the high temperature/high pressure (HTHP) studies by their final product categories, namely carbon spheres, prolate spheroids (also known as ellipsoids and olivaries), nanotubes, and others such as diamonds, fullerenes, composites, and nanostars. The mechanisms as well as the properties of the products are discussed. In particular, the literature pertaining to the production of carbon ellipsoids has been collected for the first time. On one hand, the review concludes that, due to the existence of other conventional and more practical methods, the production of nanotubes and spheres via HTHP does not appear to be industrially feasible. On the other hand, using the HTHP method to produce olivary carbons and other new and exotic products seems attractive due to the absence of conventional methods for their production.

Porous Carbon Nanosheets Prepared from Plastic Wastes for Supercapacitors

“…[5][6][7][8] Waste plastics, including polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chlorine (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and low density polyethylene (LDPE), have aroused the attention of an increasing number of researchers due to their high carbon content. 9,10 It will mean great progress when we are able to turn the waste plastics into high-value carbon materials in terms of effective utilization of waste resources. Up to now, carbon materials with different morphology have been prepared using waste plastics, such as carbon nanotubes, 11 carbon spheres, 12-14 graphene, 15 porous carbon nanosheets (PCNs).…”

Diamond-Like Carbon Nanofoam from Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Carbonization of a Sucrose/Naphthalene Precursor Solution

“…Many carbonization studies were performed at high temperatures and high pressures (HTHP) [34]. Serp et al [35], for example, produced carbon nanospheres (CNS) by decomposition of methane at 1100 °C, Wang et al [36] by the decomposition of benzene at 1000 °C.…”

“…Many carbonization studies were performed at high temperatures and high pressures (HTHP) [34]. Serp et al [35], for example, produced carbon nanospheres (CNS) by decomposition of methane at 1100 • C, Wang et al [36] by the decomposition of benzene at 1000 • C. With the support of catalysts, pentane has been decomposed at 900-1000 • C [37], anthracene at 900-1000 • C [38] and camphor at 1000 • C [39], in all these cases resulting in the synthesis of carbon nanospheres.…”

Fabrication, Property, and Application of Lignin-Based Nanocomposites

“…Besides a large amount of carbon nanotubes, nanorods, spheroids, fibers, there are fullerenes, graphene, and other carbonaceous nanocomposites [7]. To overcome poor solubility of carbon materials, it is an attractive way to surface-functionalize carbon materials with polyelectrolytes, especially natural poly-phenolic biopolymers such as lignin.…”