A Review: Separation and Chemical Properties of Anthocyanins Used for Their Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

Abstract

Methods of analysis for naturally occurring anthocyanins are described. The large number of chemical groups which may bind to the flavylium molecule has contributed to a large variation in structure, making the qualitative analysis of anthocyanins difficult. Qualitative analysis has generally involved preliminary solvent extraction followed by chromatographic separation and purification of pigments. Individual anthocyanins are then characterized by their chromatographic mobility, absorption spectra, and by means of controlled hydrolysis and oxidation tests. Quantitative analysis of anthocyanins may be carried out using either differential or subtractive spectral methods. The validity of results obtained by either of these methods is dependent on the presence or absence of interfering substances within the samples. Where the quantification of individual anthocyanins is desired, their separation from a mixture, normally by means of column chromatography, is first necessary. High resolution of microgram quantities of anthocyanin without the need for extensive sample purification prior to analysis has led to an increase in the use of HPLC techniques for quantitative work.

Phenolics in cereals, fruits and vegetables: Occurrence, extraction and analysis

“…A number of reviews on the analysis of polyphenolics have also been published [237,[280][281][282][283][284][285][286][287][288][289][290]. According to Robards [241] selection of proper analytical strategy for studying bioactive phenolics in plant materials depends on the purpose of the study as well as the nature of the sample and the analyte.…”

“…3 has been employed for separation of anthocyanins using butanol/acetic acid/water, chloroform/acetic acid/water, or butanol/formic acid/water as possible mobile phases [282]. On the other hand, two-dimensional PC has been used for the analysis of procyanidin oligomers.…”

“…Various chromatographic techniques have been employed for separation, preparative isolation, purification and identification of phenolic compounds [241,282,289,[320][321][322]. Chromatographic procedures have also been used to study the interaction of phenolics with other food components [323].…”

“…Of these, paper chromatographic (PC) and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) techniques are still widely used for purification and isolation of anthocyanins, flavonols, condensed tannins and phenolic acids using different solvent systems [196,267,282,[377][378][379][380][381][382][383][384].…”

Effect of Mobile Phase Variation and Purification on Chromatogram View by Using Fruits and Rose Extracts and HPLC Method

“…Under same conditions which are close to those described (Bakker & Timberlake, 1985], acylated anthocyanins are stable. As the solvent systems generally used for extraction purposes are by no means spesific for anthocyanins frequently, the qualitative analysis of anthocyanins is complicated by the presence of other compounds that may interfere with the measurements (Markakis, 1974;Jackman, Yada & Tung, 1987).…”