A Review: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances—Biological Degradation

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), highly stable synthetic organic compounds with multiple carbon-fluorine bonds, are emerging as environmental contaminants, toxic, bioaccumulative, and environmentally persistent. PFASs are strongly resistant to biological and chemical degradation, and therefore PFASs present a challenge to researchers and scientists for a better understanding and application of remediation methods and biodegradation of PFASs and have become subject to strict government regulations. The review summarizes the recent knowledge of bacterial and fungal degradation of PFASs, as well as the enzymes involved in the processes of transformation/degradation of PFASs.

Heavy metals in Landfill Leachate and e-Waste Dumping Sites and its adverse effect.

“…We have discussed all the possible land ll metals [26][27][28][29][30][31] and its environmental as well as health effects. Therefore, the review can give information regarding the hazardous metals which can present in land ll and came in the natural stream and creates health hazardous effect to the living being.…”

White Rot Fungi as Tools for the Bioremediation of Xenobiotics: A Review

“…The exposure of humans to PFASs has been linked to various negative health effects, such as reproductive and developmental deficits, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, pancreatic tumors, hepatomegaly and hepatic peroxisome proliferation [ 230 , 235 ]. In animals, toxicity tests demonstrated compromised postnatal survival and growth deficits [ 226 ]. PFOA and PFOS are the most detected PFASs in aquatic systems and drinking water worldwide.…”

“…Over the past 70 years, PFASs have been produced and used in diverse industrial applications [225,226]. They are commonly used in non-stick coatings for cookware, as surfactants in the production of fluoropolymers, metal coatings, water-repellent coatings for packaging and clothes, as well as in fire-fighting foams [224,227].…”

Fluoropolymers as Unique and Irreplaceable Materials: Challenges and Future Trends in These Specific Per or Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances

“…Beside the thermal (low [39] or high [40,41]), biological [42], and microbial [43] degradation and that occurs under subcritical water [44], which has been well summarized by Mueller and Yingling [45], a variety of porous sorbents such as carbonbased materials, ion-exchange resins, or polycationic gels have been investigated to Low-molar-mass PFASs (<1000 g•mol −1 ), including PFOA, PFOS, and fluorinated telomers (Scheme 1) [9,19], have contaminated many places on Earth and its oceans or decompose in the stratosphere, leading to trifluoroacetic acid (which is extremely difficult to separate from water) and trifluoroacetate [37], polluting waters and soils and thus bringing negative impacts. These compounds also cross the cellular membranes of animals and human beings [1,32,38].…”