A review on wire and arc additive manufacturing of titanium alloy

Lin, Zidong; Song, Kaijie; Yu, Xinghua

doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.08.018

Cited by 195 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…The heat input (Equation (1)) is a critical factor that may affect the size and quality of the welds, particularly when depositing material onto previously deposited layers because of the remelting. For instance, in the case of TIG-based WAAM, excessive heat input deteriorates the microstructure, bead geometry and mechanical properties [ 6 , 33 ]. This parameter depends on the travel speed ( S ), average arc current ( I ), arc voltage ( V ), and process efficiency ( η ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on the Manufacturing of Steel Inclined Walls by Directed Energy Deposition Based on Dimensional and 3D Surface Roughness Measurements

et al. 2022

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Robotic-directed energy deposition has attracted the attention of the research community and industry as a process capable of producing large metallic parts. The selection of the manufacturing conditions is a critical step in improving the process efficiency and quality of the produced parts. The present work aims at analyzing the geometry and surface topography of walls built using several conditions and inclination angles, without additional supports except for the substrate. The walls were made of AWS A5.18. ER70S-6 steel using the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing process. The study used both dimensional and 3D topography measurements to analyze the results. As findings, the travel speed played an important role in the size of the cross-section due to the heat input to the welding zone. Heat accumulation was a critical factor in the size and accuracy of the beads. Moreover, intermediate cooling provided structures with more uniform dimensions, smaller width, and higher layer growth. The inclination of the pieces influenced the width and uniformity of the beads, generating minor imperfections on the downside of the pieces because of gravity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on the Manufacturing of Steel Inclined Walls by Directed Energy Deposition Based on Dimensional and 3D Surface Roughness Measurements

et al. 2022

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“…In addition, due to the size and speed of depositions the dwell time is less between layers, and it has been reported with different effects on residual stress depending on material (section 4.2). However, due to the large heat source, a high tensile residual stress might be induced (Lin et al [2021]). The WAAM systems can be divided into three main systems and a fourth one designed for titanium alloys.…”

Section: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, they are based in traditional welding methods such as gas metal arc welding (GMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and plasma arc welding (PAW). Robotic welding systems are the based to integrate these three simple configurations (Lin et al [2021]). The selection of material and welding technology are driven by the user application.…”

Section: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing of Ti-Alloys for Aerospace, Naval and Offshore Applications

Mendoza¹,

Delgado-Morales²,

Palma³

2022

Fundamental Concepts and Models for the Direct Problem

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Titanium alloys are well-known by their excellent corrosion resistance and high strength-to-weight ratio. The aerospace industry has been taking advantage of those properties and enhancing them with novel manufacturing techniques such as Additive Manufacturing (AM). However, the naval and offshore industry has very limited use of those benefits. This is mainly due to technical limitations such as small-scale parts and low deposition rates of the most common AM processes. This work presents a review of the state-of-the-art in AM and its applications, in which relevant publications related to this important area of investigation are considered. Initially, titanium is described as the main alloy. The Laser Engineered Net-Shape (LENS TM ), Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM @ ) and Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) processes are presented. Given that WAAM offers potential solutions for size and deposition rates with design challenges and new materials for component fabrication, at the end of the chapter, applications from the naval and offshore areas where this method is used are shown.

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“…Titanium and its alloys are considered lucrative materials in various industries such as aerospace, 1,2,3 chemical, 4 marine, 5 biomedical, 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 and automobile, 10 , 11 etc. The dominating nature of titanium, among other metals, owes to its innate properties, such as high strength-to-weight ratio, high corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility, and high strength at elevated temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of tribological parameters to enhance wear and friction properties of Ti6Al4V alloy using Taguchi method

Sreesha

Chandraker

Kumar

2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J:

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The present study is an endeavor to investigate the wear and friction behavior of Ti6Al4V against alumina (Al2O3) using a pin-on-disc tribometer at room temperature. The tests were performed for a given range of loads (10–90 N) and sliding velocities (0.5–4 m/s) for a sliding distance of 3000 m. The wear rate increased continuously with load and showed transition behavior with respect to the sliding velocity. Minimum friction was observed at the intermediate sliding velocities. Using the Taguchi tool, it was found that the load influenced the wear rate more significantly than the sliding velocity and the behavior was the opposite for the coefficient of friction. A wear model was predicted using regression, and subsequent confirmatory tests were carried out to validate the same. The ex-situ characterization of both worn-out surfaces and wear debris was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) along with the Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS) to study the surface morphology and level of oxidation, respectively. The wear mechanism was found to be a combination of adhesion, abrasion, oxidation, and delamination wear. The distinct lower wear rates at higher loads and velocities were attributed to the formation of Ti8O15 revealed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) study.

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A review on wire and arc additive manufacturing of titanium alloy

Cited by 195 publications

References 121 publications

Experimental Study on the Manufacturing of Steel Inclined Walls by Directed Energy Deposition Based on Dimensional and 3D Surface Roughness Measurements

Experimental Study on the Manufacturing of Steel Inclined Walls by Directed Energy Deposition Based on Dimensional and 3D Surface Roughness Measurements

Additive Manufacturing of Ti-Alloys for Aerospace, Naval and Offshore Applications

Optimization of tribological parameters to enhance wear and friction properties of Ti6Al4V alloy using Taguchi method

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