A Review on the Use of Agriculture Waste Material as Lightweight Aggregate for Reinforced Concrete Structural Members

Abstract

The agriculture industry is one of the main industries in the Southeast Asia region due to its favourable conditions for plantations. In fact, Southeast Asia region is the world’s largest producer of palm oil and coconut. Nevertheless, vast plantation of these agriculture products leads to equally large amount of waste materials emanating from these industries. Previously, researchers have attempted to utilize the resulting waste materials such as oil palm shell, palm oil clinker, and coconut shell from these industries as lightweight aggregate to produce structural grade lightweight aggregate concrete. In order to promote the concept of using such concrete for actual structural applications, this paper reviews the use of such agriculture-based lightweight aggregate concrete in reinforced concrete structural members such as beam and slab, which were carried out by researchers in the past. The behaviour of the structural members under flexural, shear, and torsional load was also summarized. It is hoped that the knowledge attained from the paper will provide design engineers with better idea and proper application of design criteria for structural members using such agriculture waste as lightweight aggregate.

Application of the Taguchi Method for Optimizing the Process Parameters of Producing Lightweight Aggregates by Incorporating Tile Grinding Sludge with Reservoir Sediments

“…For the ecological protection and efficient use of waste, the production of LWAs using incinerator bottom ash, fly ash, sewage sludge, reservoir sediment, coconut shells, water purification sludge, waste thin film transition liquid crystal displays, textile sludge, paper sludge, non-metallic automotive shredder residues, recycled polyolefin waste, cement kiln dust, etc., has attracted many scholars to engage in related research [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. Hsu explored the purification and recycling of grinding sludge [ 9 ].…”

Influence of Molarity and Chemical Composition on the Development of Compressive Strength in POFA Based Geopolymer Mortar

“…In addition, although due to the increased plantation of palm oil trees this production rate is likely to increase [21], this material has no market value and is simply dumped into ponds/lagoons [22], which causes environmental pollution. However, recent research [23,24] has paved the way for the development of sustainable material using POFA and related waste materials from the palm oil industry. Such development has become more significant as a number of studies have identified it as being rich in silica.…”

Characterization of Tannin-Based Resins from the Barks of <i>Ficus platyphylla</i> and of <i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i>: Composites’ Performances and Applications

“…Indeed, the peak at 1607 cm −1 is attributed to the vibrational motions of C=C in the aromatic rings [25]. The peaks at 1371 cm [33].…”