A Review on the Synthesis, Properties, and Utilities of Functionalized Carbon Nanoparticles for Polymer Nanocomposites

Abstract

Carbon can form different allotropes due to its tetravalency. Different forms of carbon such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers, graphene, fullerenes, and carbon black can be used as nanofillers in order to enhance the properties of polymer nanocomposites. These carbon nanomaterials are of interest in nanocomposites research and other applications due to their excellent properties, such as high Young’s Modulus, tensile strength, electrical conductivity, and specific surface area. However, there are some flaws that can be found in the carbon nanoparticles such as tendency to agglomerate, insoluble in aqueous or organic solvents or being unreactive with the polymer surface. In this study, the aim is to study functionalization in order to rectify some of these shortcomings by attaching different functional groups or particles to the surface of these carbon nanoparticles; this also enables the synthesis of high-performance polymer nanocomposites. The main findings include the effects of functionalization on carbon nanoparticles and the applications of polymer nanocomposites with carbon nanoparticles as nanofillers in the industry. Additionally, the different methods used to produce polymer composites such as in situ polymerization, solution mixing and melt blending are studied, as these methods involve the dispersion of carbon nanofillers within the polymer matrix.

Fabrication of flexible carbon dioxide gas sensor with conductive polymer/reduced graphene oxide hybrids: Effects of substrate type and mass ratio

“…Owing to this, the agglomerate of PANI/rGO nanoparticles observed in the 2.5 wt% sample (Figure 7c) is expected to mainly contribute from PANI. Noteworthy that the nanoparticles form agglomerates on the filament fibers instead of individually dispersed nanoparticle; this phenomenon can be ascribed to the strong ππ conjugation and van der Waals interaction between rGO sheets, and between rGO sheets and PANI 46–48 …”

“…Noteworthy that the nanoparticles form agglomerates on the filament fibers instead of individually dispersed nanoparticle; this phenomenon can be ascribed to the strong π π conjugation and van der Waals interaction between rGO sheets, and between rGO sheets and PANI. [46][47][48]…”

The Osteogenic Properties of Calcium Phosphate Cement Doped with Synthetic Materials: A Structured Narrative Review of Preclinical Evidence

“…Synthetic polymers refer to macromolecules artificially produced in laboratories through repetitive bonding of multiple monomers [ 10 , 11 ]. Several polymers, including poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), PEGylated poly(glycerol sebacate) (PEGS), and sodium polyacrylate (PAAS), have been incorporated into CPC to enhance its properties ( Table 1 ).…”

Formation of nanoparticle aggregates and agglomerates in polymer nanocomposites and their distinct impacts on the mechanical properties

“…[ 1 ] So far, lots of studies have been performed to synthesize new generations of polymers, with specific characteristics, which can offer special physical/mechanical properties. [ 2–4 ] However, the limitations involved with polymer synthesis processes make it somewhat challenging to obtain the exact required material with the targeted characteristics. [ 5 ] To overcome this problem, the application of other polymers or mineral fillers is suggested which can drastically affect the characteristics of the base polymer matrix.…”