A review on the oxidative effects of the fusariotoxins: Fumonisin B1 and fusaric acid

Encapsulation of Apium graveolens essential oil into chitosan nanobiopolymer for protection of stored rice against Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisins contamination

“…Oxidative stress in food commodities causes macromolecular damage manifesting the impairment of cellular function along with toxicity and disease symptoms. It has also been reported that FB 1 induces the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in food commodities [ 76 ]. It has been noticed that several reaction in FB 1 pathways is mediated by oxygenase reactions [ 77 ]; therefore, high antioxidant activity dependent blockage of oxygenase action may be pointed out as a prime factor for inhibition of FB 1 biosynthesis in F. verticill i oides cells.…”

Recent Research on Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize—A Review

“…This process is the main pathway of DON detoxification in humans; therefore, CUL and DON are likely characterised by synergistic toxicity [ 146 ]. Recently, there have been reports of the possible induction of oxidative stress by aurofusarin and fusaric acid [ 147 , 148 ]. However, the available literature data concerning this topic is limited, and further research should be conducted.…”

Fusaric acid-evoked oxidative stress affects plant defence system by inducing biochemical changes at subcellular level

“…Phytotoxin contamination in food and feed occurs as a result of malnutrition, poor handling techniques, inappropriate food storage and consumption of staple foods obtained from toxin-contaminated sites (Milićević et al 2010 ). Fusarium toxins have been reported as carcinogens, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins and neurotoxins (Arumugam et al 2021 ). At the same time, the nature and damage caused by these phytotoxins vary with the type of phytotoxin, concentration, exposure time, route of consumption, health status and sex of the affected person (Zain 2011 ).…”

“…In addition to oral ingestion of fungal contaminated food (Pinotti et al 2016 ), skin contact (dermatophyte skin infection) and inhalation of spores (toxic pneumonitis) are also routes of exposure to Fusarium toxins (Kuruvilla and Dias 2012 ). Fusaric acid (FA), fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, moniliformin, fusaproliferin, enniatins and beauvericin are classified as the most common and harmful phytotoxins (Arumugam et al 2021 ; Ismaiel and Papenbrock 2015 ).…”

“…As a result of the chelate-forming ability of FA, it binds with other divalent cations, causing the conjugation of iron, manganese, copper and zinc, which hinders their ability to perform biological functions (e.g. as cofactors of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase) (Arumugam et al 2021 ).

Fig.

…”