Abstract:This review study and explores the extraction and potential application of cellulose and nanocellulose from solid waste. Among different types of solid waste agricultural solid waste was found the most prominent for the formation of cellulose and nanocellulose. Factors affecting the properties of cellulose and nanocellulose were identified and discussed throughout the manuscript by referring reports on numerous case studies. The utilization of selected lignocellulosic biomass to produce cellulose and nanocellu… Show more
“…Previous research has demonstrated that the plant population influenced the shape and mechanical characteristics of cellulosic fiber. 51,52 The stress-strain curves were drawn by using the average value of the sample (with 30 replicates) as can be seen in Figure 6.Figure 6.Stress-strain values obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root) fibers.…”
This study is devoted to characterization of the Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root) fibers (GGFs) that have different uses in industrial areas, globally. For this purpose, several properties of GGFs were investigated to determine their suitability for natural fiber-reinforced composite production. Such properties include; physical, chemical, thermal, morphological, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, as well. As a result of these analyses, it was found that the GGFs are composed of cellulose (40.46%), hemicellulose (15.94%), lignin (12%), waxes (1.3%), moisture (9.93%), and others. The density of GGFs was measured as 1.43 g/cm3. Additionally, the existence of cellulose with a 35.86% crystal index, was also verified by the XRD characterization results of these fibers. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that GGFs are thermally stable within the polymerization process temperature of 354.09°C. As a result, it was determined that GGFs have characteristics with significant potential as cellulose-based reinforcement fiber for industrial applications.
“…Previous research has demonstrated that the plant population influenced the shape and mechanical characteristics of cellulosic fiber. 51,52 The stress-strain curves were drawn by using the average value of the sample (with 30 replicates) as can be seen in Figure 6.Figure 6.Stress-strain values obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root) fibers.…”
This study is devoted to characterization of the Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root) fibers (GGFs) that have different uses in industrial areas, globally. For this purpose, several properties of GGFs were investigated to determine their suitability for natural fiber-reinforced composite production. Such properties include; physical, chemical, thermal, morphological, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, as well. As a result of these analyses, it was found that the GGFs are composed of cellulose (40.46%), hemicellulose (15.94%), lignin (12%), waxes (1.3%), moisture (9.93%), and others. The density of GGFs was measured as 1.43 g/cm3. Additionally, the existence of cellulose with a 35.86% crystal index, was also verified by the XRD characterization results of these fibers. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that GGFs are thermally stable within the polymerization process temperature of 354.09°C. As a result, it was determined that GGFs have characteristics with significant potential as cellulose-based reinforcement fiber for industrial applications.
“…Various methods can be employed for the extraction of cellulose from different sources. Pretreatment, mechanical processing, and chemical hydrolysis are identi ed as critical steps for extracting cellulose (Khui et al 2021). Once isolated, they can be modi ed and used for various applications (Table 2).…”
Cellulose nanostructures and composite membranes incorporating nanoscale cellulose have gained attention due to their promising utility in various applications. Cellulose nanocomposites in the forms of aerogels, thin films, and nanopapers have been studied extensively. This review focuses on nanocomposite membranes of cellulose which find uses in desalination, sensing, electrical, and biomedical applications. The presence of abundant hydrogen bonds and easily functionalizable surfaces makes cellulose an appropriate material for the fabrication of membranes that can be leveraged for their adsorptive capabilities applicable to water treatment. Membranes of nanocellulose, their modifications by various reinforcements, augmentation of thermal stabilities, selectivity as sensors etc., are discussed in detail here along with pertinent physicochemical aspects. Regenerated cellulose which has different characteristics compared to natural cellulose, is also being discussed.
“…1 Various types of agricultural solid waste were identified as potential sources for cellulose extraction, which could reduce the amount of cumulative solid waste dumped in landfills. 2 Cellulose, one of the most abundant materials, shows promising potential in producing green products due to its unique strength, toughness, and stiffness properties. 3,4 It was reported that the extraction of cellulose from various plants, namely Styphnolobium japonicum , Cryptomeria fortunei and Pinus yunnanensis, could be attained by using the chemical method and biological enzyme, then further prepared into nano cellulose fibers.…”
Nanocellulose is increasingly important due to its abundance and sustainability sources, outstanding physicochemical properties, low density, high specific surface area, and easily modified surface chemistry. Nanocellulose is obtained from various sources, such as plants, algae, and bacteria, with plant-derived nanocellulose being the most common. Their presence significantly benefits many applications, especially in developing advanced materials for high end-use. Despite these benefits, the intrinsic hydrophilic behavior complicates dispersion in hydrophobic polymer matrices due to aggregation issues that result in deterioration properties. Nanocellulose modification and surface tuning are identified as fundamental approaches for improving the compatibility of the interfacial interaction between nanocellulose and polymer matrix to impart new functionalities to novel advanced materials. This article offers insight into nanocellulose by highlighting various lignocellulosic biomass sources and their chemical constituents. Three categories of nanocellulose are discussed in this review, including cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial nanocellulose. This article also featured several methods for promoting surface modification of nanocellulose to overcome the compatibility barrier between nanocellulose and polymer matrix to achieve a balanced hydrophilic-hydrophobic behavior. A few recent and emerging applications of nanocellulose-based composites are also presented in this review.
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