A review on the effects of environmental conditions on growth and toxin production of Ostreopsis ovata

Dinoflagellates: Ecological Approaches and Spatial Distributions in Malaysia Waters

“…The most prevalent element is the water dynamic of the assemblage area as the colonization of the dinoflagellates will disperse upon strong wave action [19]. This is coincides with the fact that most of blooming cases were reported in sheltered area where there is less influence of vertical mixing.…”

Potentiality of benthic dinoflagellate cultures and screening of their bioactivities in Jeju Island, Korea

“…Among the cultured strains, only Ostreopsis sp. is known to produce bloom mainly in tropical waters or in temperate areas during summer (Pistocchi et al, 2011;Parsons et al, 2012). High water temperatures, high irradiance and high remineralisation are factors that create an environment favouring the blossom growth of benthic harmful algal .…”

“…A variety of factors other than wave action and temperature may also be important in controlling and promoting the occurrence and intensity of the blossom of benthic dinoflagellates, for example, availability of macroalgal substrates, light intensity, precipitation and nutrients (Tindall and Morton, 1998). Nutrient availability is to be considered as an important environmental factor for controlling and promoting the occurrence and intensity of the blossomy of benthic dinoflagellates (Pistocchi et al, 2011), whereas the relationship between benthic/epiphytic dinoflagellates and nutrient conditions is less clearer (Pistocchi et al, 2011). Vila et al (2001) found no significant correlations between epiphytic dinoflagellate and nutrients, and the authors stated that mechanisms that trigger species abundance remain unclear (Vila et al, 2001).…”

“…The effectiveness of the quantity of extracted bioactive components depends on the culturing systems and productivity of dinoflagellate strains. For the optimization of growth conditions and toxin production of benthic dinoflagellate, various kinds of research have been conducted in different parts of the world (Dixon and Syrett, 1988;Kitaya et al, 2008;Morton et al, 1992;Nascimento et al, 2012;Pistocchi et al, 2011;Rhodes and Thomas, 1997;Tanimoto et al, 2013;Tosteson et al, 1989;Vidyarathna and Granéli, 2012;Yamaguchi et al, 2012;Zimmermann, 2006). However, most studies were only done for small-scale cultures.…”

Warm Seawater Microalgae: Growth and Toxic Profile of Ostreopsis Spp. from European Coasts

“…grows better in calm, shallow, warm waters and it seems that high salinity concentration increases their development [25][26][27]. But it is not clear the importance of the salinity and nutrients in their blooms [26]. Therefore it is essential to know the optimal conditions for the growth of these cells and the link with toxin production.…”