“…Interestingly, in Brazil, ex fuel vehicles (FFV) have been manufactured to use with any bioethanol-gasoline blends. 4 This can enhance energy independence whilst combating fundamental issues such as fossil depletion, oil price escalation, carbon emission, and particulate mass concentrations in the vehicle exhaust. 5,6 According to the National Association of Automotive Vehicle Manufacturers, more than 85% of ex-fuel vehicles are manufactured in Brazil.…”