A review on the chemistry, production, and technological potential of bio-based lubricants

Zainal, Nurhafiza; Zulkifli, Nurin Wahidah Mohd; Gulzar, Mubashir; Masjuki, H.H.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.004

Cited by 262 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…[ 2 ] In this sense, the development of lubricants from vegetable oils (biolubricants) has been pointed in several works as an alternative to petroleum‐based lubricants. [ 3 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Fully Bio‐Based Lubricants from Agro‐Industrial Residues under Environmentally Friendly Processes

Almeida

Silva

Kotzebue

et al. 2020

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Biolubricants are becoming interesting alternatives to mineral lubricants. Despite their advantages, development of lubricants from vegetable oils may compete with food production, turning their use impractical due to socio-economic aspects. Here, cardanol is used as raw material in the synthesis of novel biolubricants under environmentally friendly conditions. These compounds are characterized by NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermal-oxidative studies show the elevated stability and higher onset oxidative temperatures. Tribological analyses performed under high-frequency linear-oscillation motion indicate lower coefficients of friction and wear rates compared to a synthetic oil. Therefore, cardanol, under simple, fast, and sustainable processes can be transformed into valuable alternatives for petroleum-based lubricants. Practical Applications: The novel cardanol-based biolubricants presented in this work show interesting chemical and lubricity properties superior to standard synthetic oils, which make them potential substitutes for the current oil-based products used as lubricants. Additionally, the ecofriendly methodologies employed reduce significantly the reaction time as well as eliminating the need for catalysts or solvents, making these processes viable alternatives for the traditional methods reported in literature for the synthesis of this class of compounds.

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“…[ 2 ] In this sense, the development of lubricants from vegetable oils (biolubricants) has been pointed in several works as an alternative to petroleum‐based lubricants. [ 3 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Fully Bio‐Based Lubricants from Agro‐Industrial Residues under Environmentally Friendly Processes

Almeida

Silva

Kotzebue

et al. 2020

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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“…The physical and chemical changes of oil due to thermal ageing impact on the lubrication performance [17]. In this regard, it is important to consider that vegetable oils have poor thermal oxidation stability due to their chemical composition conductive to faster degradation during their lifetime, either in storage or in use, than mineral oils [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Jatropha lubricant thermo-oxidation on the tribological behaviour of engine cylinder liners as measured by a reciprocating friction test

Farfán-Cabrera

Gallardo-Hernández

Perez‐González

et al. 2019

Wear

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Bio-lubricants have emerged as a potential and viable way to replace, totally or partially, mineral oils due to their effectiveness in the boundary lubrication regime for different applications, including, automotive engine operation. However, the effect of thermo-oxidation caused by the long-term use of the bio-lubricants on their tribological properties has been scarcely analyzed. In this work, the effect of thermo-oxidation of Jatropha oil (JO), an engine mineral oil (EMO) and a blend made up of 80%vol. EMO and 20%vol. JO (B20) on the tribological behavior of a simulated piston ring/engine cylinder liner interface was studied in reciprocating friction tests at 26 and 100°C. The oils were thermally oxidized and characterized in terms of carbonyl compounds, depletion of ZDDP additives, changes in kinematic viscosity and viscosity index. Friction coefficients, wear rates and scar morphologies were assessed. Thermo-oxidation resulted in significant viscosity increases in JO compared to EMO and B20. Also, it generated increased friction coefficients for JO and B20. However, they were lower than those for fresh and aged EMO. EMO increased the wear rate after thermo-oxidation in contrast to JO. Smearing was generated using most oil samples while severe scuffing was only produced by using fresh JO at 100°C.

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“…Recently, Zainal et al. (2018) provided an extensive review on biolubricant research detailing on the chemistry, production and technologies developed …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excellent Properties of Dimer Fatty Acid Esters as Biolubricant Produced by Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Esterification

Armylisas

Fauzi

Mohd

et al. 2019

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Currently most technologies available to produce esters require acid or base catalysts for esterification or transesterification reactions. Production of dimerate esters (DE) exhibiting potential as a biolubricant for low temperature applications using catalyst‐ and solvent‐free approaches is presented in this article. Hydrogenated C36 dimer acid and alcohol are reacted under the following conditions: dimer acid/alcohol (1:4.5 molar ratio), 150–200 °C, 24 h, 3Å molecular sieve (15% w/w). The performances of four DE species—dibutyl, dihexyl, di‐(2‐ethylhexyl), and dioctyl dimerate—as lubricant base stocks are evaluated by kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, cloud and pour point (cold flow properties) as well as oxidative stability, and compared with commercial synthetic lubricant base stock and DE, Radialube 7121. High viscosity indexes ranging between 129 and 138 are observed for the synthesized DEs, which are comparable with two commercial base stock, polyalpha olefin (PAO), and polyolester (POE). Significantly low pour point, less than −42 °C, is observed for di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) dimerate attributed to the branching of the side chain. The DEs are categorized as ISO VG 68 based on their viscosity according to ISO 3448 classification and show potential as biolubricant with high viscosity index and excellent cold flow properties. Practical Applications: DFAE obtained have high potential to be used as lubricant base stock for equipment and machinery operating at extremely low temperature.

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A review on the chemistry, production, and technological potential of bio-based lubricants

Cited by 262 publications

References 137 publications

Development of Fully Bio‐Based Lubricants from Agro‐Industrial Residues under Environmentally Friendly Processes

Development of Fully Bio‐Based Lubricants from Agro‐Industrial Residues under Environmentally Friendly Processes

Effects of Jatropha lubricant thermo-oxidation on the tribological behaviour of engine cylinder liners as measured by a reciprocating friction test

Excellent Properties of Dimer Fatty Acid Esters as Biolubricant Produced by Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Esterification

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