A Review on the Chemistry of Eremanthine: A Sesquiterpene Lactone with Relevant Biological Activity

The isolation and assessment of the active constituents in polar and non-polar crude extracts of Saussurea costus roots as antifungal agents, against Candida albicans and non-C. albicans (NAC) species, was the aim of this current investigation. The SEM “Scanning electron microscopy” imaging provided potential action modes of n-hexane extract (nhhE) toward Candida spp., whereas the TLC-DB “Thin layer chromatography-direct bioautography” was employed for detecting the anticandidal compounds. nhhE had the greatest biocidal activity against all strains and clinical isolates of Candida spp. with maximum zones of inhibition. SEM revealed the occurrence of irregular, dense inclusions of C. albicans cell walls after treatment with nhhE for 12 h. Complete morphological distortions with lysed membranes and deterioration signs appeared in most treated cells of C. parapsilosis. The most effectual compound with anticandidal activity was isolated using TLC-BD and identified as sesquiterpene by GC/MS analysis. The infra-red analysis revealed the presence of lactone ring stretching vibrations at 1766.72 cm−1. The anticandidal activity of nhhE of S. costus roots was confirmed from the results, and the treated cotton fabrics with nhhE of S. costus possessed observable activity against C. albicans. Data could recommend the practical usage of S. costus extracts, particularly nhhE, as influential natural bioactive sources for combating pathogenic Candida spp.

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“…Dehydrocostus lactone, a guaianolide originally derived from S. lappa, can be produced through chemical transformations of eremanthine [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Antifungal Activity and Action of Saussurea costus Root Extracts against Candida albicans and Non-albicans Species

et al. 2022

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“…Germacranolides, such as compounds 22 – 24 , are characteristic metabolites in the genus Liriodendron , whereas the elemanolide dehydrotemisin was found in the species for the first time. Elemanolides represent a small group of sesquiterpene lactones that are biogenetically derived from germacranolides …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tulipiferamide A, an Alkamide from Liriodendron tulipifera, Exhibits an Anti-Inflammatory Effect via Targeting IKKβ Phosphorylation

et al. 2021

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Three new alkamides, tulipiferamides A–C (1–3, respectively), and 30 known compounds (4–33) were obtained from the roots of Liriodendron tulipifera (Magnoliaceae). Dehydrotemisin (4), an elemane sesquiterpene lactone, was isolated for the first time from nature. The structures were deduced by the interpretation of NMR spectroscopic and MS spectral data. The geometries of the double bonds in tulipiferamides A–C (1–3, respectively) were determined on the basis of 1H–1H coupling constants and 13C chemical shifts. The presence of the alkamide type in this plant is reported for the first time. An analysis of the inflammatory response revealed that seven compounds (1, 4, 7, 9, 14, 23, and 27) suppressed the nitric oxide production induced by LPS in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, tulipiferamide A (1) inhibits NF-κB activation by selectively targeting IKKβ, an upstream kinase of NF-κB, resulting in the suppression of inflammatory mediators, including iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6. Our results provide a rationale for the further development of tulipiferamide A as a selective IKKβ inhibitor to modulate inflammatory diseases.

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“…Cos, a sesqu it er p ene lactone t hat cont a i ns a n α-methylene-γ-lactone ring structure, belongs to a class of compounds that react with enzymes containing thiol groups and their functional proteases, and interfere with the key biological processes of cells, exhibiting a variety of pharmacological activities (25). It has been reported that cos exerts a strong inhibitory effect on the proliferation and apoptosis of a variety of tumor cells at concentrations ranging between 2.5 and 40 µmol/l (15)(16)(17)(18)(19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Costunolide isolated from Vladimiria�souliei inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of HepG2 cells

et al. 2018

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Costunolide (cos) is one of the major sesquiterpenes isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the roots of Vladimiria souliei. In order to explore the effects and molecular mechanism of cos, the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of cos against the human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell line was examined in vitro in the current study. Cell viability was measured using an MTT assay, and IC 50 values (indicating the concentration required to achieve half-maximal inhibition) were calculated to detect the inhibitory effect of cos on HepG2 cell growth. Cell morphology was subsequently observed under an inverted microscope, and cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were detected using flow cytometric analysis. In addition, changes in the protein expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and caspases-3, -8 and -9 were detected by western blotting. The results of cell analyses indicated that cos treatment inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of HepG2 cells in vitro. Cos markedly induced HepG2 cell apoptosis by arresting the cell cycle at the G 2 /M phase in a dose-dependent manner. In terms of the underlying mechanism, cos was revealed to inhibit the anti-apoptotic capacity of the cells, possibly via upregulating the expression levels of Bax protein and caspases-3, -8 and -9, and downregulating the expression of Bcl-2 protein. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that cos may be a promising candidate for liver cancer therapy, and have provided an insight into the mechanism of action involved in its anti-cancer properties.

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A Review on the Chemistry of Eremanthine: A Sesquiterpene Lactone with Relevant Biological Activity

Cited by 5 publications

References 159 publications

Exploring the Antifungal Activity and Action of Saussurea costus Root Extracts against Candida albicans and Non-albicans Species

Exploring the Antifungal Activity and Action of Saussurea costus Root Extracts against Candida albicans and Non-albicans Species

Tulipiferamide A, an Alkamide from Liriodendron tulipifera, Exhibits an Anti-Inflammatory Effect via Targeting IKKβ Phosphorylation

Costunolide isolated from Vladimiria�souliei inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of HepG2 cells

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