A Review on the Characterization and Measurement of the Carbonaceous Fraction of Particulate Matter

Correa-Ochoa, Mauricio A.; Bedoya, Roxana; Gómez, Luisa M.; Aguiar, David; Palacio-Tobón, Carlos A.; Colorado, Henry A.

doi:10.3390/su15118717

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 151 publications

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“…Studies in urban areas have revealed that water-soluble inorganic ions are major components of fine particles and might generally contribute up to 50% [8]. Carbonaceous materials also contribute to a large fraction of PM 2.5 concentrations in the atmosphere [8][9][10]. Carbonaceous species are chemically divided into elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenomenology of the Composition of PM2.5 at an Urban Site in Northern France

Allouche,

Fadel,

Ferté

et al. 2024

Atmosphere

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In this work, PM2.5 was sampled at Dunkerque, a medium-sized city located in northern France. The mean concentration of PM2.5 during the sampling period was 12.6 ± 9.5 μg·m−3. Samples were analyzed for elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), humic-like substances (HULIS-C), water-soluble inorganic ions, and major and trace elements. The origin and the variations of species concentrations were examined using elemental enrichment factors, bivariate polar plot representations, and diagnostic concentration ratios. Secondary inorganic ions were the most abundant species (36% of PM2.5), followed by OC (12.5% of PM2.5). Secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations were estimated to account for 52% of OC. A good correlation between SOC and WSOC indicated that secondary formation processes significantly contribute to the WSOC concentrations. HULIS-C also represents almost 50% of WSOC. The determination of diagnostic ratios revealed the influence of anthropogenic emission sources such as integrated steelworks and fuel oil combustion. The clustering of 72 h air masses backward trajectories data evidenced that higher concentrations of PM2.5, OC, and secondary inorganic aerosols were recorded when air masses came from north-eastern Europe and the French continental sector, showing the considerable impact of long-range transport on the air quality in northern France.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenomenology of the Composition of PM2.5 at an Urban Site in Northern France

Allouche,

Fadel,

Ferté

et al. 2024

Atmosphere

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PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): quantification and source prediction studies in the ambient air of automobile workshop using the molecular diagnostic ratio

Onaiwu,

Ifijen

2024

Asian J. Atmos. Environ

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The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere has been linked to health concerns, including cancer. Automobile workshops are significant contributors to PAH emissions due to their operations. Hence, this investigation aimed to identify and quantify the sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs in the ambient air of automobile workshops in Benin City, Nigeria, using molecular diagnostic ratios. PM2.5 samples were collected from 60 automobiles over 1 year, during the rainy (April to November) and dry (December to March) seasons of 2019. Sample collection utilized a low-volume air sampler with quartz filter paper, and extraction was performed using a 1:1 mixture of acetone and dichloromethane. The analysis involved an HP Agilent Technology 6890 Gas Chromatography (GC) system with a flame ionization detector. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Benin City were 269.87 ± 249.32 ng/m3 (dry season) and 216.30 ± 204.89 ng/m3 (wet season). Molecular diagnostic ratios, such as Fl/(Fl + Py), An/(An + Phe), BaP/(BaP + Chry), BbF/BkF, InP/(InP + BghiP), and BaA/(BaA + Chr), aided in identifying PAH sources. Gasoline combustion, diesel combustion, traffic emissions, and emissions from automobile panel welders were found to be the primary sources of PAHs near vehicle workshops. These findings provide crucial insights for developing effective strategies to reduce emissions and protect public health in the air surrounding automobile workshops in Benin City.

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