A Review on The Biological, Physical and Chemical Mitigation of Harmful Algal Bloom

Abstract

The harmful algal bloom (HABs) refers to the rapid growth of toxic or high-biomass-producing microalgae. The impact of this phenomenon can cause significant economic loss affecting many industries and causing harm to wildlife and human health. As technology develops, greater research has been conducted to monitor and reduce HABs occurrence’s impact, including mitigating agents. This review presents the advantages and disadvantages of currently used and recently developed biological, chemical, and physical approaches to tackle issues related to HABs. The present review also emphasizes the interaction between the mitigating agents and the algal cells, thus identifying the gap of knowledge that needs to be addressed. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of the approaches and the interaction between the mitigating agents and algal cells will enable researchers to develop a better sustainable system for managing HAB.

A brief overview of the issues faced by Harmful Algal Blooms along Johor straits

“…Aquaculture is expanding quickly in major urban centres and states that are becoming more urbanised, which results in space constraints and growing public awareness of the dangers to aquatic ecosystems. The Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS), one of the most efficient and sustainable aquaculture techniques, allows for the regulation of critical elements such as water quality, discharge, and wastewater discharge, as well as shelter and hazardous events such as HAB [25]. Therefore, urban locations with limited acreage and high nutrient loads, such as Malaysia, have prompted certain farms to use RAS technology.…”

“…RAS installations might be a great replacement to increase production. Nevertheless, the expense of building such agricultural facilities, the need for educated farm owners, as well as the market value of the cultivated animals, all of which depend on each other, may not be economically viable [25]. Other recent technological advancements have made it possible to practise offshore aquaculture farther inland, when space is not an issue.…”

“…Emerging risks, such as the introduction of plastics into the ocean, place a growing strain on agricultural methods. Particularly, marine creatures can consume microplastic particles, leading to the bioabsorption of dangerous substances in the food chain, which in turn has an impact on public health [25]. For many of the bigger marine species (whose digestive tracts are excised), it is unlikely that people will inhale microplastic particles while eating seafood, but it is more likely with bivalves and a few species of small fish that are consumed intact.…”

“…For many of the bigger marine species (whose digestive tracts are excised), it is unlikely that people will inhale microplastic particles while eating seafood, but it is more likely with bivalves and a few species of small fish that are consumed intact. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that microplastic particles operate as a hotspot for the spread of HABs and the buildup of human diseases, which could have a direct impact on public health and aquaculture [2,25].…”

Investigation on the influence of crosslinking and swelling properties of modified silica-chitosan films for the controlled removal of Alexandrium minutum

“…The term referring to the action taken to manage the existing or ongoing bloom and take steps to reduce the impact is known as mitigation [12]. Mitigation of HABs can be done through biological approach, physical approach, and chemical-physical approach [13]. Among these approaches, physical approach using mitigating agents have been found to be the most feasible method to mitigate HABs in the lab and eld.…”