A review on the Application of Empirical Models to Hydrate Formation Prediction

Abstract

Abstract. In deepwater hydrocarbon transportation pipeline, the production may decrease and operational cost and time are increasing due to the growth rate of hydrate. The pressure of deepwater pipeline is comparatively high, so it is entirely possible to form the hydrate formation conditions and pose a major operational and safety challenge. This work provides a review on empirical models for hydrate formation prediction in deepwater gas pipeline. The correlation and empirical models are presented with the hydrate formation temperature described as a function of pressure and gas gravity. This study could possibly provide a milestone for predicting PVT and heat transfer effects on hydrate formation in deepwater pipeline.

Particle Swarm Optimization Based Empirical Correlation for Prediction of Hydrate Formation in Deep-Water Pipeline

“…Statistical analyses are used to find regression models, for best empirical correlation in specific gravity, water vapor pressure and gas mixture temperature. Almost existing experimental data has been compiled with NN models [12]. A new correlations to estimate hydrate formation conditions of sweet gases and using intelligent optimization algorithms to predict hydrate formation temperature [3].…”

Review on Application of Quaternary Ammonium Salts for Gas Hydrate Inhibition

“…It consists of variety of gas molecules such as methane, ethane, propane, isobutene, n-butane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, etc. [4]. Gas molecules, known as 'guest' are entrapped in the hydrogen-bonded water molecules, called 'host' [5].…”

“…The three most common gas hydrates structures are structure I (sI), structure II (sII), and structure H (sH), which differs in cage size and physical shape. Typically, structure I consists of small hydrate lattices that can only hold small gas molecules such as CH 4 . Structure II is more complex, quite larger in size, and able to entrap larger hydrocarbon molecules, whereas structure H is capable to contain much larger molecules such as isopentane [10].…”