A Review on the Application of Granular Filter Media and the Utilization of Agro-Industrial Wastes for Stormwater Quality Improvement

Abstract

The stormwater management practices have changed from conveyance-oriented to storage-oriented, as part of the Best Management Practices (BMPs). Still, uncontrolled development increases potential pollutants in the stormwater, which conveys into a water body or river. Continuous improvements in the filtration mechanism would complement stormwater management. For the past decades, there is progress in applying granular filter media for stormwater quality improvement. However, the reports were not systematically reviewed. In this paper, the recent five years research that utilizes granular filter media for improving stormwater quality was retrieved and reviewed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was referred to, where Scopus and Web of Sciences, two primary journal databases, were used. Initially, keywords searching strings have resulted in 467 articles, which were further screened. Four themes have been formed: stormwater management, stormwater characteristics, separation mechanisms, and future perspectives. Next, two sub-themes and two sub-sub-themes were further established. Then, 65 articles were included manually to complement the themes developed to explore the potential agro-industrial wastes as sustainable filter media. Therefore, this review has proven that the relatively inexpensive and renewable resources from the agro-industrial wastes can remove pollutants efficiently from the stormwater. Four main criteria affecting filter media performances are also highlighted, including the grain sizes of the media, media bed configuration, hydraulic loading rate, and the suspended solids concentration. Further study on these variables can be beneficial to explore the impact of utilizing agro-based media in stormwater filtration.

Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Water Management

“…Sustainable stormwater management can alleviate the water scarcity with some degree (Morales-Torres et al, 2016). Additionally, the development of advanced purification technologies and the new materials can also influence the stormwater utilization (Kolavani and Kolavani, 2020;Awang Ali et al, 2021).…”

A Systematic Review of the Potential of a Dynamic Hydrogel as a Substrate for Sustainable Agriculture

“…In 2019, the agricultural sector contributed 7.1% (RM101.5 billion) to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), in which oil palm was the primary contributor (37.7%), followed by other agriculture (25.9%), livestock (15.9%), fishing (12%), forestry and logging (6.3%), and rubber (3%) as reported by the Department of Statistic Malaysia (DOSM) (2020). Unfortunately, agricultural wastes are often discarded as they are costly to handle, process, and store [105]. Nevertheless, biomass wastes comprise cellulose, a valuable hydrogel source.…”