A review on synthesis, characterization and potential biological applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

Sample preparation considerations for surface and crystalline properties and ecotoxicity of bare and silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles

“…Different iron oxide compounds are abundant in nature, such as: hematite (a-Fe 2 O 3 ), maghemite (g-Fe 2 O 3 ) and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). 1,2 Iron oxide NPs can be easily synthesized in a broad range of sizes. 3,4 Hematite is the most stable of these iron oxides, but only magnetite NPs have a large surface area (up to 120 m 2 g À1 ) 5 and possess superparamagnetic properties, i.e., unlike ferromagnetic materials, they do not retain magnetization when the external eld is removed.…”

Inorganic Nanoparticles and Composite Films for Antimicrobial Therapies

“…Since their behavior is strongly dependent upon their size, shape, structure, surface chemistry, and colloidal stability, the choice of synthesis method is highly important. There are three main routes for Fe 3 O 4 NPs synthesis, namely, physical, chemical, and biological techniques, but the most commonly applied method is chemical co-precipitation [ 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 ]. Nonetheless, researchers are currently focusing on green synthesis methods, as the so-obtained NPs are less toxic, more stable, and have reduced sizes and agglomeration tendency [ 137 ].…”

Rapid Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 Core-2-Layer-Shell Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin

“…A and B ions in parentheses occupy octahedral sites, while the rest of the B ions occupy tetrahedral sites [2]; thus, magnetite shows ferrimagnetic ordering. However, when the size of each particle is reduced to nanoscale, precisely between 15 and 20 nm, the particles will exhibit magnetic moment as a single domain under an external magnetic field which behaves as a superparamagnet [3], whereas in the absence of a magnetic field they will have zero 2 of 19 average residual magnetization, and more precisely, their magnetization disappears [4]. In that case, magnetic behavior is determined by the magnetic anisotropy energy of each particle and the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between the particles.…”

“…Magnetic nanoparticles can be synthesized using various physical methods such as gasphase deposition, electron beam lithography, pulsed laser ablation, laser-induced pyrolysis, power ball milling, combustion, and chemical methods including co-precipitation, thermal decomposition, reverse microemulsion, and hydrothermal, solvothermal, and lately microwave-assisted synthesis [3]. Each of the abovementioned methods shows some limitations in either complexity, modularity, processing price, or yield homogeneity, while comparatively the microwave-assisted synthesis may offer a simple, variable, cheap and fast alternative synthetic route.…”