A review on Respiratory allergy caused by insects

Abstract

Hypersensitivity or allergy encompasses a wide range of immunological reactions that generally have adverse consequences involving one or many organ systems of the body. Allergens are usually glycoprotein or chemically complex low molecular weight substances. The common allergens include pollen, fungal spores, house dust mite and house dust, animal danders, drugs, foods, insect emanations, and detritus, etc. Information on the role of insects in respiratory allergy is increasing in the literature. There are about 30 million living species of insects. These insects can broadly be classified as stinging insects, biting insects and non-stinging and non-biting insects. All materials form insets namely wings, scales, saliva; dried feces and venom can cause allergic diseases, such as rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma and urticaria. There are wide varieties of insects such as moths, butterflies, bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets, flies, beetles, cockroaches, and mosquitoes. Exposure to emanations and detritus of these insects may lead to several allergies in some genetically predisposed individuals. Therefore, it is of interest to review allergies caused by various insect’s stings and bites and their adverse effect on the human body.

Hello, kitty: could cat allergy be a form of intoxication?

“…Multiple insects and arachnids have been shown to cause allergies that are unrelated to stinging or any form of “active” toxicity (i.e. venom) [ 56 ]. Likewise, cutaneous, ocular, and respiratory exposure to venoms from spitting cobra ( Hemachatus hemachatus ) and South American Crotalinae vipers ( Bothrops asper , B. atrox , B. jararaca , B. xanthograma , Crotalus durissus terrificus , Lachesis muta ) originate allergenic responses [ 57 - 61 ].…”

Biological contaminants in the indoor air environment and their impacts on human health

“…A clinico-immunological study concluded that mosquito debris could be a potent inhalant allergen in indoor air (Kausar et al 2007 ). Dermatophagoides pteronyssius (Der p I & Der p II) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f I) are major species of mites that produce allergens (Kausar 2018 ). Bakery, poultry, granary and sugar industry are major sources for allergens in the indoor environment.…”

Evaluation of 3 Common Methods for Effective Housefly Allergen Extraction

“…1 All material form insects namely wings, scales, saliva, dried feces and venom can cause allergic diseases. 2 For standard treatment of allergy, medications for allergic patients are antihistamines and corticosteroids. 3 Additionally, allergen vaccination is a standard immunotherapy for allergic disease.…”