A review on recycling of lithium-ion batteries to recover critical metals

Mishra, Gyan Prakash; Jha, Rohit Kumar; Meshram, Arunabh; Singh, K. K.

doi:10.1016/j.jece.2022.108534

Cited by 74 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…The hydrometallurgical processing is more environmentally friendly, with higher efficiency and lower energy consumption and emission compared to pyrometallurgical processes. , In the hydrometallurgical treatment, various leaching agents could be used: a strong inorganic acid such as H 2 SO 4 , HCl, and HNO 3 or an organic acid including citric acid (C 6 H 8 O 7 ), oxalic acid (H 2 C 2 O 4 ), DL -malic acid, formic acid, tartaric acid, etc. in the presence of a reducing agent such as H 2 O 2 . , The role of the reducing agent during the leaching process is to reduce the transition metal ions (i.e., Mn 4+ and Co 3+ ) from the high-valence to low-valence (+2) state, which are more easily soluble in the acidic media. In the leaching process, the reaction of cathodic active material (e.g., LiCoO 2 ) in H 2 SO 4 as the leaching agent in the presence of a reducing agent, such as H 2 O 2 , is described by eq , and Co 3+ is reduced to Co 2+ , which is readily dissolved in the solution: 2 LiCoO 2 ( s ) + 3 H 2 SO 4 ( aq ) + H 2 O 2 ( aq ) → 2 CoS normalO 4 ( aq ) + Li 2 SO 4 ( aq ) + 4 H 2 O false( normalg false) + O 2 ( g ) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in the presence of a reducing agent such as H 2 O 2 . 21,25 The role of the reducing agent during the leaching process is to reduce the transition metal ions (i.e., Mn 4+ and Co 3+ ) from the highvalence to low-valence (+2) state, which are more easily soluble in the acidic media. In the leaching process, the reaction of cathodic active material (e.g., LiCoO 2 ) in H 2 SO 4 as the leaching agent in the presence of a reducing agent, such as H 2 O 2 , is described by eq 1, and Co 3+ is reduced to Co 2+ , which is readily dissolved in the solution: 26…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphite and Cobalt Recycled from Li-Ion Batteries: A Valuable Raw Material for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts

Kazemi,

Liivand,

Prato

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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The rapidly growing Li-ion battery (LIB) industry is struggling to find feasible methods to recycle end-of-life batteries as well as identify new applications for the recycled materials. The current study demonstrates a promising strategy to enhance the value of the LIB waste anode and cathode components as a raw material for electrocatalyst production. Recovered graphite and cobalt from spent LIBs (SLIBs) are used to obtain active, low cost, and stable nonprecious metal-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). SLIB graphite has been turned into graphite oxide which is thereafter codoped with Co and nitrogen to prepare an active electrocatalyst toward ORR with the onset potential of 0.98 V (vs RHE) in alkaline media. Extensive characterization is carried out on the compound, identifying the key factor driving the performance in the synergistic combination of cobalt and nitrogen. The material was successfully benchmarked against a commercial 19.8% platinum catalyst, showing comparable performance and a superior tolerance to methanol. The demonstrated ability to recycle LIBs into industrially relevant electrocatalysts can lead the way to a fully sustainable lifecycle for energy-storage solutions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphite and Cobalt Recycled from Li-Ion Batteries: A Valuable Raw Material for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts

Kazemi,

Liivand,

Prato

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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“…20,21 Currently, hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy are the dominant technologies in the field of lithium-ion battery recycling, which make an important contribution to the reuse of lithium resources. 22,23 Pyrometallurgy mainly focuses on the application of high temperature and high energy to destroy the stable structure of spent LIBs, thus enabling the recovery of each metal, thanks to the addition of various reducing agents. 24,25 Active metals, 26 carbon, 27,28 biomass, 29,30 urea, 31 ammonium salts, 32−34 reducing gases, 35,36 etc., are the most commonly used reducing agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Efficiency Preferential Extraction of Lithium from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Powder via Synergistic Treatment of Mechanochemical Activation and Oxidation Roasting

Su,

Zhou,

Liu

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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With the increasing demand for lithium, the improvement of lithium recovery efficiency from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become a popular topic to meet both resource and environmental requirements. Here, by using pyrite as a novel reducing agent, more than 99.9% of lithium can be preferentially and selectively extracted into weakly alkaline solutions after the synergistic treatment of mechanochemical activation (MA) and oxidation roasting (OR). Mechanochemical activation can impart a very high reactivity to the mixture of cathode powder and pyrite, which facilitates the subsequent oxidative roasting and selective recovery of lithium. Many physical properties of ball-milled powder have been investigated to characterize its superiority, and the thermodynamic behavior of the roasting process has also been explored to clarify the specific reaction course. Of particular importance, the environmental implications and economics of the overall process have been explained in detail to show that the whole recovery process is promising.

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“…From the point of view of economic profitability, the sense of recycling is strongly dependent on the prices of metals that are obtained as a result of recycling [ 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the Available Infrastructure on the Electric Vehicle Market in Poland and in EU Countries

Tucki

Orynycz

Dudziak

2022

IJERPH

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The dynamic development of the automotive market entails the need to understand its characteristics. The purpose of this publication is to indicate the changes in the automotive sector resulting from the approaching electromobility. In order to achieve this goal, the market of electric and conventional vehicles in Poland are discussed. This paper discusses issues related to employment in the automotive industry, analyses the location of factories of the largest vehicle manufacturers and analyzes the structure of sales. The development of electromobility in Poland against the background of other EU countries was analyzed in detail. The analysis was based on data from September 2022. The analysis has been conducted by means of computations of the correlation of individual variables (numbers of different types of vehicles: traditional vehicles, BEV and PHEV). The presented results show that the number of BEVs and PHEVs is increasing, and the infra-structure is developing. The number of PHEV cars is usually higher than BEV ones. The results of the analysis of the vehicle market in Poland show occurrence of the variety of vehicle types and variety of the types of vehicle power supplies with alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). It can be concluded that standardization would be helpful for further development. The number of charging stations is small compared to the number of vehicles, and the advantage of AC stations is evident. This means investing in infrastructure is necessary to enable further development.

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A review on recycling of lithium-ion batteries to recover critical metals

Cited by 74 publications

References 123 publications

Graphite and Cobalt Recycled from Li-Ion Batteries: A Valuable Raw Material for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts

Graphite and Cobalt Recycled from Li-Ion Batteries: A Valuable Raw Material for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts

High-Efficiency Preferential Extraction of Lithium from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Powder via Synergistic Treatment of Mechanochemical Activation and Oxidation Roasting

The Impact of the Available Infrastructure on the Electric Vehicle Market in Poland and in EU Countries

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