A review on radiochromic film dosimetry for dose verification in high energy photon beams

Santos, T.; Ventura, Tiago; Lopes, Maria do Carmo

doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109217

Cited by 49 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Two different types of films were utilized: Gafchromic EBT3 and Gafchromic EBT-XD film. Gafchromic EBT3 film is composed of an active layer approximately 28 µm thickness, sandwiched between two matte surface clear polyester base layers [ 20 ]. Their dynamic dose range is 0.1–20 Gy with an optimum dose range of 0.2–10 Gy allowing them to be suitable for dosimetry of different types of treatments ranging from brachytherapy, IMRT, VMAT and hypo-fractionated prescriptions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical utility of Gafchromic film in an MRI-guided linear accelerator

et al. 2021

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Background The purpose of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the suitability of Gafchromic EBT3 and EBT-XD film for dosimetric quality assurance in 0.35 T MR-guided radiotherapy. Methods A 0.35 T magnetic field strength was utilized to evaluate magnetic field effects on EBT3 and EBT-XD Gafchromic films by studying the effect of film exposure time within the magnetic field using two timing sequences and film not exposed to MR, the effect of magnetic field exposure on the crystalline structure of the film, and the effect of orientation of the film with respect to the bore within the magnetic field. The orientation of the monomer crystal was qualitatively evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) compared to unirradiated film. Additionally, dosimetric impact was evaluated through measurements of a series of open field irradiations (0.83 × 0.83-cm2 to 19.92 × 19.92-cm2) and patient specific quality assurance measurements. Open fields were compared to planned dose and an independent dosimeter. Film dosimetry was applied to twenty conventional and twenty stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) patient specific quality assurance cases. Results No visual changes in crystal orientation were observed in any evaluated SEM images nor were any optical density differences observed between films irradiated inside or outside the magnetic field for both EBT3 and EBT-XD film. At small field sizes, the average difference along dose profiles measured in film compared to the same points measured using an independent dosimeter and to predicted treatment planning system values was 1.23% and 1.56%, respectively. For large field sizes, the average differences were 1.91% and 1.21%, respectively. In open field tests, the average gamma pass rates were 99.8% and 97.2%, for 3%/3 mm and 3%/1 mm, respectively. The median (interquartile range) 3%/3 mm gamma pass rates in conventional QA cases were 98.4% (96.3 to 99.2%), and 3%/1 mm in SBRT QA cases were 95.8% (95.0 to 97.3%). Conclusions MR exposure at 0.35 T had negligible effects on EBT3 and EBT-XD Gafchromic film. Dosimetric film results were comparable to planned dose, ion chamber and diode measurements.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical utility of Gafchromic film in an MRI-guided linear accelerator

et al. 2021

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“…Dose evaluations were characterized with gafchromic films 1 , which are crystalline polyacetylene based radiochromic films 2 , 9 , 15 . In this work, we use films of the EBT model that was designed for external beam therapy, radiosurgery and brachytherapy QA (GAFCHROMIC, International Specialty Products, Wayne, New Jersey, USA) 31 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their high spatial resolution, low energy dependence, and quasi water‒equivalence, they are widely used for quality assurance (QA) measurements and treatment verification 1 – 6 . There are several kind of films that are employed in photon dosimetry 7 – 9 due to their energy and dose‒rate independence and nearly tissue equivalence 10 . However, in hadron irradiations, they have an energy dependence in the Bragg peak 11 , 12 , showing an under‒response in dose in the high lineal energy transfer regions, which requires the use of correction factors of that quenching effect 13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dosimetry with gafchromic films based on a new micro-opto-electro-mechanical system

Guardiola

Márquez

Jiménez-Ramos

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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This work presents the first tests performed with radiochromic films and a new Micro‒Opto‒Electro-Mechanical system (MOEMS) for in situ dosimetry evaluation in radiotherapy in real time. We present a new device and methodology that overcomes the traditional limitation of time-delay in radiochromic film analysis by turning a passive detector into an active sensor. The proposed system consists mainly of an optical sensor based on light emitting diodes and photodetectors controlled by both customized electronic circuit and graphical user interface, which enables optical measurements directly. We show the first trials performed in a low‒energy proton cyclotron with this MOEMS by using gafchromic EBT3 films. Results show the feasibility of using this system for in situ dose evaluations. Further adaptation is ongoing to develop a full real‒time active detector by integrating MOEM multi‒arrays and films in flexible printed circuits. Hence, we point to improve the clinical application of radiochromic films with the aim to optimize radiotherapy treatment verifications.

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“…The batch dependence can be ascribed to slight differences in the chemical composition of the films and generally it increases at keV energies. Santos et al have recently reviewed the most of the functional forms proposed so far for RCF calibration [18]. These include rational, power, polynomial, and logarithmic functions, as well as universal functions applicable for several RCF types and dose ranges [90,91].…”

Section: Flatbed Scannersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By the end of 2015, nearly 1000 papers on RCFs have been published on peer-reviewed journals with a growing trend [12]. Several comprehensive works, including reviews and protocols, as well as a book on RCF dosimetry, have been published so far [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Such a wide use is due to the number of their unique features compared to other detectors and dosimeters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiochromic Films for the Two-Dimensional Dose Distribution Assessment

Casolaro

2021

Applied Sciences

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Radiochromic films are mainly used for two-dimensional dose verification in photon, electron, and proton therapy treatments. Moreover, the radiochromic film types available today allow their use in a wide dose range, corresponding to applications from low-medical diagnostics to high-dose beam profile measurements in charged particle medical accelerators. An in-depth knowledge of the characteristics of radiochromic films, of their operating principles, and of the dose reading techniques is of paramount importance to exploit all the features of this interesting and versatile radiation detection system. This short review focuses on these main aspects by considering the most recent works on the subject.

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A review on radiochromic film dosimetry for dose verification in high energy photon beams

Cited by 49 publications

References 104 publications

Clinical utility of Gafchromic film in an MRI-guided linear accelerator

Clinical utility of Gafchromic film in an MRI-guided linear accelerator

Dosimetry with gafchromic films based on a new micro-opto-electro-mechanical system

Radiochromic Films for the Two-Dimensional Dose Distribution Assessment

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