A Review on Properties of Natural and Synthetic Based Electrospun Fibrous Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field where the principles of engineering are applied on bone-related biochemical reactions. Scaffolds, cells, growth factors, and their interrelation in microenvironment are the major concerns in bone tissue engineering. Among many alternatives, electrospinning is a promising and versatile technique that is used to fabricate polymer fibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Copolymerization and polymer blending is a promising strategic way in purpose of getting synergistic and additive effect achieved from either polymer. In this review, we summarize the basic chemistry of bone, principle of electrospinning, and polymers that are used in bone tissue engineering. Particular attention will be given on biomechanical properties and biological activities of these electrospun fibers. This review will cover the fundamental basis of cell adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation of the electrospun fibers in bone tissue scaffolds. In the last section, we offer the current development and future perspectives on the use of electrospun mats in bone tissue engineering.

3D Hierarchical, Nanostructured Chitosan/PLA/HA Scaffolds Doped with TiO2/Au/Pt NPs with Tunable Properties for Guided Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Bone is one of the tissues with the ability of self-regeneration and constant remodeling [1,2]. Despite this fact, each year, over four million surgeries are performed in order to treat this tissue's defects, using autografts or bone substitutes [1,2]. The history of bone pathologies which cannot be self-healed is very long and concerns both congenital and acquired ones.…”

“…The history of bone pathologies which cannot be self-healed is very long and concerns both congenital and acquired ones. These include traumas, neoplasm, infection or failed arthroplasty, spine arthrodesis, implant fixation, and others [2]. Because of that, bone is known to be the second most commonly replaced tissue [1,2].…”

“…These include traumas, neoplasm, infection or failed arthroplasty, spine arthrodesis, implant fixation, and others [2]. Because of that, bone is known to be the second most commonly replaced tissue [1,2]. Since the application of a patient's own bone is limited by the size of the defect, bone substitutes are rapidly gaining attention.…”

“…Alternatively, used metal (stainless steel, pure titanium, or its alloys) and synthetic biomaterials have some major limitations, such as poor biocompatibility, biocorrosion, and consumption over time. Non-invasive methods can only accelerate the healing process [2]. To overcome this issues, novel types of biomaterials are developed which mimic natural bone composition and structure [1][2][3][4].…”

Phase-contrast 3D tomography of HeLa cells grown in PLLA polymer electrospun scaffolds using synchrotron X-rays

“…This includes naturally both derived and synthetic polymers. [10]. Using electrospinning technology, highly porous scaffolds with interconnected pores or random fiber networks can be produced [11][12].…”