A review on phytochemicals, metabolic profiles and pharmacokinetics studies of the different parts (juice, seeds, peel, flowers, leaves and bark) of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

Yisimayili, Zainaipuguli; Chen, Zhi

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133600

Cited by 23 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…The pomegranate is not only of high economic, nutritional, medicinal, and ornamental value, but also plays an important role in the industrial, cultural, and ecological fields. Some research has revealed that pomegranate is utilized worldwide because its different parts (fruit juice, peel and seeds, flowers, leaves, bark) are rich in bioactive constituents [ 3 ], and related industries are expanding rapidly. Pomegranate seeds are a by-product of pomegranate juice, accounting for about 20% of the total fruit weight, and they play an important role as antioxidants, anti-free radicals, and adjusters of immunity, as well as having anti-tumor, anti-osteoporosis, anti-cardiovascular disease effects; they also have capabilities related to unsaturated fatty acids, phenols, sterols, proteins, and volatile oils, among others [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Volatile Flavor Compounds of Pomegranate Seeds at Different Processing Temperatures by GC-IMS

et al. 2023

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This study sought to reveal the mechanism of flavor generation when pomegranate seeds are processed, as well as the contribution of volatile organic components (VOCs) to flavor formation. Gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), combined with relative odor activity (ROAV) and statistical methods, was used for the analysis. The results showed that 54 compounds were identified from 70 peaks that appeared in the GC-IMS spectrum. Then, the ROAV results showed 17 key volatile components in processing pomegranate seeds, and 7 flavor components with large differential contributions were screened out using statistical methods. These included γ-butyrolactone, (E)-3-penten-2-one (dimer), pentanal, 1-propanethiol, octanal, and ethyl valerate (monomer). It is suggested that lipid oxidation and the Maillard reaction may be the main mechanisms of flavor formation during the processing of pomegranate seeds. Furthermore, this study lays the experimental and theoretical foundations for further research on the development of flavor products from pomegranate seeds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Volatile Flavor Compounds of Pomegranate Seeds at Different Processing Temperatures by GC-IMS

et al. 2023

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“…9,10 Pomegranate peel also has antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-diabetic properties and is a significant byproduct of the processing of pomegranate juice. 11 Additionally, the seeds, flowers, leaves, and bark of the pomegranate tree have been connected to a number of pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antitumor, anti-wrinkle, antibacterial, and antidepressant properties. 11,12 Pomegranate's health benefits are mainly attributable to its primary and secondary metabolites, of which more than 200 have been identified to date.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 Additionally, the seeds, flowers, leaves, and bark of the pomegranate tree have been connected to a number of pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antitumor, anti-wrinkle, antibacterial, and antidepressant properties. 11,12 Pomegranate's health benefits are mainly attributable to its primary and secondary metabolites, of which more than 200 have been identified to date. 11,14,15 Pomegranate contains numerous bioactive compounds, such as ellagitannins, phenolic acids, flavanol−anthocyanin adducts, anthocyanins, flavonoids, gallotannins, and phenols, along with other types of bioactive constituents 11,14 that can exhibit anti-diabetic and antiobesity, 16 antimicrobial, 15 anticancer, 17 antioxidant, 18 antiinflammatory, 10 anti-Alzheimer's disease, 19 and hepatoprotective 15 activities.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discovery of Potent Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Pomegranate as a Treatment for Hypertension

Ali

Jannat

Chang

2023

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is associated with numerous health benefits due to its high levels of antioxidant polyphenolic substances. Since pomegranate extract has been shown to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the potential inhibitory effect of most of its main constituents against ACE is unknown. Therefore, we tested the activities of 24 major compounds, the majority of which significantly inhibited ACE. Notably, pedunculagin, punicalin, and gallagic acid were the most effective ACE inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.91, 1.12, and 1.77 μM, respectively. As demonstrated in molecular docking studies, compounds block ACE by forming multiple hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with catalytic residues and zinc ions in ACE’s C- and N-domains, consequently inhibiting ACE’s catalytic activity. Also, the most active pedunculagin stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production, activated the endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme (eNOS), and significantly increased eNOS protein expression levels up to 5.3-fold in EA.hy926 cells. Furthermore, pedunculagin increased in cellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration promoted eNOS enzyme activation and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the active compounds improved glucose uptake in insulin-resistant C2C12 skeletal muscle cells in a dose-dependent manner. The results of these computational, in vitro, and cellular experiments provide further evidence to the traditional medicine that involves using pomegranates to treat cardiovascular diseases like hypertension.

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“…Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.), belonging to the genus Punica L., Punicaceae family, is a plant known for its numerous bioactive compounds, present in the fruit pulp and peel, exerting several biological activities [ 1 ]. Polyphenols are one of the main classes of biologically active chemical substances in pomegranate and include flavonoids, condensed tannins, and hydrolyzable tannins [ 2 ]. Their poor absorption allows for high biodisponibility within the gastrointestinal lumen, where they serve as a substrate for bacterial fermentation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pomegranate Extract Affects Gut Biofilm Forming Bacteria and Promotes Intestinal Mucosal Healing Regulating the Crosstalk between Epithelial Cells and Intestinal Fibroblasts

et al. 2023

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Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum) can be used to prepare a bioactive extract exerting anti-inflammatory activities. Clinical studies demonstrated an improvement in clinical response in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients when pomegranate extract (PG) was taken as a complement to standard medications. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects are still scarcely investigated. This study investigates the effect of PG on bacterial biofilm formation and the promotion of mucosal wound healing. Methods: The acute colitis model was induced in C57BL/6N mice by 3% dextran sodium sulfate administration in drinking water for 5 days. During the recovery phase of colitis, mice received saline or PG (200 mg/kg body weight) by oral gavage for 11 days. Colitis was scored daily by evaluating body weight loss, bleeding, and stool consistency. In vivo intestinal permeability was evaluated by fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran assay, bacterial translocation was assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization on tissues, whereas epithelial and mucus integrity were monitored by immunostaining for JAM-A and MUC-2 markers. Bacterial biofilm formation was assessed using microfluidic devices for 24 or 48 h. Primary fibroblasts were isolated from healthy and inflamed areas of 8 IBD patients, and Caco-2 cells were stimulated with or without PG (5 μg/mL). Inflammatory mediators were measured at the mRNA and protein level by RT-PCR, WB, or Bio-plex multiplex immunoassay, respectively. Results: In vivo, PG boosted the recovery phase of colitis, promoting a complete restoration of the intestinal barrier with the regeneration of the mucus layer, as also demonstrated by the absence of bacterial spread into the mucosa and the enrichment of crypt-associated fibroblasts. Microfluidic experiments did not highlight a specific effect of PG on Enterobacterales biofilm formation, even though Citrobacter freundii biofilm was slightly impaired in the presence of PG. In vitro, inflamed fibroblasts responded to PG by downregulating the release of metalloproteinases, IL-6, and IL-8 and upregulating the levels of HGF. Caco-2 cells cultured in a medium supplemented with PG increased the expression of SOX-9 and CD44, whereas in the presence of HGF or plated with a fibroblast-conditioned medium, they displayed a decrease in SOX-9 and CD44 expression and an increase in AXIN2, a negative regulator of Wnt signaling. Conclusions: These data provide new insight into the manifold effects of PG on promoting mucosal homeostasis in IBD by affecting pathogen biofilm formation and favoring the regeneration of the intestinal barrier through the regulation of the crosstalk between epithelial and stromal cells.

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A review on phytochemicals, metabolic profiles and pharmacokinetics studies of the different parts (juice, seeds, peel, flowers, leaves and bark) of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

Cited by 23 publications

References 96 publications

Analysis of the Volatile Flavor Compounds of Pomegranate Seeds at Different Processing Temperatures by GC-IMS

Analysis of the Volatile Flavor Compounds of Pomegranate Seeds at Different Processing Temperatures by GC-IMS

Discovery of Potent Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Pomegranate as a Treatment for Hypertension

Pomegranate Extract Affects Gut Biofilm Forming Bacteria and Promotes Intestinal Mucosal Healing Regulating the Crosstalk between Epithelial Cells and Intestinal Fibroblasts

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