A review on phytochemical and pharmacological facets of tropical ethnomedicinal plants as reformed DPP-IV inhibitors to regulate incretin activity

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from impaired insulin secretion and resistance. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV is an enzyme known to trigger the catalysis of insulinotropic hormones, further abating the endogenous insulin levels and elevating the glucose levels in blood plasma. In the field of drug development, DPP-IV inhibitors have opened up numerous opportunities for leveraging this target to generate compounds as hypoglycemic agents by regulating incretin activity and subsequently decreasing blood glucose levels. However, the practice of synthetic drugs is an apparent choice but poses a great pharmacovigilance issue due to their incessant undesirable effects. The ideology was set to inventively look upon different ethnomedicinal plants for their anti-diabetic properties to address these issues. To date, myriads of phytochemicals are characterized, eliciting an anti-diabetic response by targeting various enzymes and augmenting glucose homeostasis. Antioxidants have played a crucial role in alleviating the symptoms of diabetes by scavenging free radicals or treating the underlying causes of metabolic disorders and reducing free radical formation. Plant-based DPP-IV inhibitors, including alkaloids, phenolic acid, flavonoids, quercetin, and coumarin, also possess antioxidant capabilities, providing anti-diabetic and antioxidative protection. This review article provides a new gateway for exploring the ability of plant-based DPP-IV inhibitors to withstand oxidative stress under pathological conditions related to diabetes and for reforming the strategic role of ethnomedicinal plants as potent DPP-IV inhibitors through the development of polyherbal formulations and nanophytomedicines to regulate incretin activity.

Effects of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Garcinia gardneriana Leaves in an In Vivo Experimental Model Induced by a Hyperlipidic Diet

“…In this sense, the study of medicinal plants in the treatment of non-communicable chronic diseases has aroused the interest of researchers, with a view to studying the benefits of medicinal plants in the discovery of drugs for the treatment of diseases, based on different isolated bioactive compounds [ 61 ]. As the molecular control of the components found in medicinal plants is understood, it is possible to observe potential benefits in the prevention and treatment of current diseases [ 62 ].…”

Natural products from plants targeting key enzymes for the future development of antidiabetic agents

“…Review Natural Product Reports Some of the DPP-IV avonoid inhibitors affect glucose homeostasis through different mechanisms according to the human, animal, and in vitro studies. 7,24,31,37,73 For example, anthocyanins, in general, modify the activities of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), SGLTs, a-glucosidase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B), GLP-1/GLP-1R and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g. 44,74 Catechins decrease blood glucose levels by activating glucose transporters and the insulin receptor. Some avanones and avones, such as hesperidin (20) and genistein (35) control blood glucose levels by acting through different mechanisms.…”

“…Natural DPP-IV inhibitors have been the topic of several review articles. 31–40 Some of these reviews describe mainly the testing of plant extracts or in silico studies. 29,30,37,40,41 The evaluation of plant extracts is beneficial from the point of view of traditional medical practices, in which the efficacy of the treatments is due to the synergistic action of the mixture of compounds present in an extract (polypharmacy) or the combination of several herbs.…”

“…31–40 Some of these reviews describe mainly the testing of plant extracts or in silico studies. 29,30,37,40,41 The evaluation of plant extracts is beneficial from the point of view of traditional medical practices, in which the efficacy of the treatments is due to the synergistic action of the mixture of compounds present in an extract (polypharmacy) or the combination of several herbs. An excellent review regarding the inhibitory action on DPP-IV activity of plant-based polyherbal formulations and nano phytomedicines was recently published.…”

A Brief Review on Medicinal Plants-At-Arms against COVID-19

“…Plant-based compounds have already been used to modulate the immunity and treat diseases of humans and other animals, which is an age-old method adopted over other medical sciences [ 30 , 31 ]. Therefore, plant-derived compounds or phytochemicals have also been considered as potential compositions for the prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2.…”