A review on perovskite solar cells: Evolution of architecture, fabrication techniques, commercialization issues and status

Roy, Priyanka; Sinha, Numeshwar Kumar; Tiwari, Sanjay; Khare, Ayush

doi:10.1016/j.solener.2020.01.080

Cited by 381 publications

(303 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…The electrons reach the counter electrode through an external circuit, while the dye is regenerated by electron transfer from a redox species in solution, the oxidized redox mediator diffuses towards counter electrode. [8,20] In the most recent DSSCs the liquid electrolyte solution has been substituted in order to obtain a solid state device, but the structure remains quite similar [48] with a metal-based cathode, a hole transport material (HTM), an absorber layer, an electron transport material (ETM) and a transparent conductive layer (TCO). The role of the HTM -such as 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), NiO, CuO, CuI, Cu 2 O and poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) -is to collect holes from the absorber layer, transport them towards the cathode and block electrons.…”

Section: Structure Of a Dsscmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ecotoxicology data related to SC components is still lacking, [49][50][51][52] in particular for the third generation, since this technology is not on the market yet, and the main effort is spent in improving their efficiency leaving aside the ecotoxicological studies. [48]…”

Section: Toxicity Of Materials In Third-generation Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[136] The amount of Pb used in PSC is 0.4 g/m 2 , which is much smaller than the amount used in soldering of commercial Si PV panels. [48] In case of a damaged solar cell exposed to rain, the absorber layer will decompose to its starting materials. A theoretical model shows that up to 80 % of the lead in a perovskite solar cell can be solubilized in the form of PbI 2 and end up in the soil.…”

Section: Public Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…New methods that reduce the material sacrifice and the use of an anti-solvent are being investigated. [48,157] To fabricate perovskite solar panels on large scale, techniques compatible with roll to roll (R2R) equipment have to be preferred in order to guarantee a high production rate. Instead of spin coating or drop casting, the choice will be between inkjet printing, doctor blade coating, slot die coating and spray.…”

Section: Occupational Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead of spin coating or drop casting, the choice will be between inkjet printing, doctor blade coating, slot die coating and spray. [48,158] This means to move from small scale equipment that can easily fit into a fume hood to larger size machines that need proper ventilation and filters to avoid any possible contamination of the workers.…”

Section: Occupational Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Third‐Generation Solar Cells: Toxicity and Risk of Exposure

Buitrago

Novello

Meyer

2020

Helvetica Chimica Acta

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Solar energy is considered clean energy, and its use is predicted to increase in the near future. Most installed units today are crystalline solar cells, but the field is in constant development, and when the first dye sensitized solar cell was published by Grätzel and O'Reagan a new, third‐generation, solar power was born. Highly toxic metals are used to produce the photovoltaic units today, and with the predicted increase in solar cell installation, the human health hazards of these panels could become an issue. Additionally, many of these materials are used in their nanoform, which is associated with an additional risk. In this article, we discuss the technology behind the third‐generation solar cells with its valuable use of nanotechnology as well as the possible health hazard when such nanomaterials are used in solar power units. We will show that the main exposure will occur either during the development and production phases or at the end‐of‐life stage of the solar cells, where toxic material can leach into landfills, and subsequently into the environment and impact the ecosystem directly, or humans indirectly through edible plants or drinking water.

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Section: Structure Of a Dsscmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toxicity Of Materials In Third-generation Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Public Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Occupational Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Occupational Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Third‐Generation Solar Cells: Toxicity and Risk of Exposure

Buitrago

Novello

Meyer

2020

Helvetica Chimica Acta

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Fabrication and Manufacturing Process of Perovskite Solar Cell

Eswaramoorthy

Kamatchi

2020

Green Energy

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Dual Role of Cu‐Chalcogenide as Hole‐Transporting Layer and Interface Passivator for p–i–n Architecture Perovskite Solar Cell

Sadhu

Rai

Salim

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Inorganic hole-transport layers (HTLs) are widely investigated in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their superior stability compared to the organic HTLs. However, in p-i-n architecture when these inorganic HTLs are deposited before the perovskite, it forms a suboptimal interface quality for the crystallization of perovskite, which reduces device stability, causes recombination, and limits the power conversion efficiency of the device. The incorporation of an appropriate functional group such as sulfurterminated surface on the HTL can enhance the interface quality due to its interaction with perovskite during the crystallization process. In this work, a bifunctional Al-doped CuS film is wet-deposited as HTL in p-i-n architecture PSC, which besides acting as an HTL also improves the crystallization of perovskite at the interface. Urbach energy and light intensity versus open-circuit voltage characterization suggest the formation of a better-quality interface in the sulfide HTL-perovskite heterojunction. The degradation behavior of the sulfide-HTL-based perovskite devices is studied, where it can be observed that after 2 weeks of storage in a controlled environment, the devices retain close to 95% of their initial efficiency.

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A review on perovskite solar cells: Evolution of architecture, fabrication techniques, commercialization issues and status

Cited by 381 publications

References 169 publications

Third‐Generation Solar Cells: Toxicity and Risk of Exposure

Third‐Generation Solar Cells: Toxicity and Risk of Exposure

Fabrication and Manufacturing Process of Perovskite Solar Cell

Dual Role of Cu‐Chalcogenide as Hole‐Transporting Layer and Interface Passivator for p–i–n Architecture Perovskite Solar Cell

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