A Review on Pathophysiology of Malaria: A Overview of Etiology, Life Cycle of Malarial Parasite, Clinical Signs, Diagnosis and Complications

Zambare, Krushna K.; Thalkari, Avinash B.; Tour, Nagesh S.

doi:10.5958/2231-5659.2019.00035.3

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Upon entering the bloodstream through a mosquito bite, the parasites travel to the liver, where they multiply 23 . After a period of incubation, they re-enter the bloodstream and infect red blood cells, leading to the characteristic symptoms of malaria 24 . These symptoms include fever, chills, sweats, headaches, nausea, and body aches.…”

Section: Malariamentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of cytokines in immunomodulation during malaria clearance

Obeagu

2024

Annals of Medicine &Amp; Surgery

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Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, demanding a deeper understanding of host immune responses for effective clearance of the parasitic infection. Cytokines, as crucial mediators of the immune system, orchestrate a complex interplay during the various stages of malaria infection. Throughout the course of the disease, an intricate balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines dictate the immune response’s outcome, influencing parasitic clearance and disease severity. During the initial stages, interleukins such as IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α play pivotal roles in activating innate immune cells, initiating the anti-parasitic response. Simultaneously, regulatory cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β modulate this immune activation, preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage. As the infection progresses, a delicate shift occurs, characterized by a transition to adaptive immunity, guided by cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, promoting antibody production and T-cell responses. Notably, the resolution of malaria infection crucially relies on a fine-tuned balance of cytokine networks. Dysregulation or imbalances in these mediators often result in immune hyperactivation, contributing to severe manifestations and prolonged infection. Understanding the multifaceted roles of cytokines in malaria clearance offers promising avenues for therapeutic interventions. Targeting cytokine pathways to restore immune equilibrium or bolster protective responses could potentially enhance treatment strategies and vaccine development. In conclusion, the pivotal role of cytokines in immunomodulation during malaria clearance underscores their significance as potential targets for therapeutic interventions, offering promising prospects in the global fight against this infectious disease.

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Section: Malariamentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of cytokines in immunomodulation during malaria clearance

Obeagu

2024

Annals of Medicine &Amp; Surgery

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“…It has been brought on by the Plasmodium parasite. Despite enormous attempts to combat it, this disease has long been a major cause for public health concern and still poses a significant threat to global health (Zambare et al 2019).…”

Section: Malariamentioning

confidence: 99%

Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases

2023

IJAB

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The global health program of the World Health Organization recognizes zoonoses as a significant threat, encompassing around 250 diseases transmissible from animals to humans. Zoonotic diseases, often vector-borne, pose a dual threat by causing severe illnesses in humans and endangering animal health, leading to substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. Vector-borne zoonoses, transmitted by creatures like mosquitoes and ticks, have far-reaching consequences for public health and the environment. These diseases, including West Nile virus, Malaria, Lyme disease, and dengue fever, contribute significantly to global morbidity and mortality. Vectors act as bridges, facilitating the transmission of infectious agents between animals and humans, potentially sparking epidemics or pandemics. The environmental impact is profound, influenced by factors like temperature changes and ecological disruptions, altering the dynamics of these diseases. The economic toll is substantial, with higher medical expenses, lost productivity, and reduced agricultural output in affected regions. The interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health necessitates a collaborative One Health approach for effective management and prevention. Vector-borne zoonoses remain a concern due to urbanization, climate change, and globalization, posing challenges to surveillance, diagnosis, and control. Vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas, and lice, play a crucial role in transmitting infectious agents actively or passively. Mosquito-borne diseases, influenced by complex interactions between the environment and population dynamics, present a serious global health challenge. This chapter explores various aspects of vector-borne zoonoses, emphasizing their significance and the need for collaborative strategies to address emerging threats.

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