A Review on Novel Channel Materials for Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements—Usability of Hydrogels in Cardiovascular Applications

Winkler, Carla; Kuhn, Antonia Isabel; Hentschel, Gesine; Glasmacher, Birgit

doi:10.3390/gels8080502

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(118 reference statements)

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“…Hydrogel phantoms possess transparency and parameters that are required to work with imaging-based measurement systems [ 12 ]. A review of different kinds of hydrogel groups was completed by [ 13 ], outlining different advantages and disadvantages. Another obvious choice is 3D printing, especially considering the rapid development of this technology and used materials, which can allow reliable and inexpensive models to be generated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Image Velocimetry of 3D-Printed Anatomical Blood Vascular Models Affected by Atherosclerosis

et al. 2023

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Improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases facilitate a better understanding of the ongoing process. The study of biomedical fluid dynamics using non-intrusive visualizing methods on a micro-scale has become possible using a proper 3D inkjet printing process. The computed tomography scan of a patient with atherosclerosis was processed, and a 3D-printed artery with an inlet diameter of 4.2 mm was developed and measured using three different constant flow rates. To mimic blood, a solution of glycerin and water was used. The procedure to obtain a proper 3D-printed model using low-force stereolithography technology with high-quality optical access usable for PIV was described and discussed. The paper presents the results of PIV as multi-stitched, color-coded vector maps from the axis cross section along the whole 3D-printed model. The obtained data allowed a resolution of 100 × 100 µm per single vector to be achieved. Furthermore, the results of the stitched 16 base images of the artery and the 3D-printed model prepared were included. The results of this study show that 3D prints allow for the creation of the desired geometry and can be used to investigate severe pathologies of the human circulatory system. The strengths and weaknesses of this methodology were discussed and compared to other techniques used to obtain transparent objects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Image Velocimetry of 3D-Printed Anatomical Blood Vascular Models Affected by Atherosclerosis

et al. 2023

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“…The polymeric network can be formed through covalent bonding (chemical hydrogels) or through weaker and typically reversible linkage (physical hydrogels). Hydrogels are being studied and employed for a wide variety of biomedical applications, including insulin, gene, and drug delivery [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ], tissue engineering [ 6 ], biosensor membranes [ 7 ], wound healing [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], and contact lenses [ 11 , 12 ]. One of the major advantages of hydrogels, which locates them at the center of scientific interest, is that they can be molecularly engineered to obtain desired physical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(ethylene Glycol) Methyl Ether Methacrylate-Based Injectable Hydrogels: Swelling, Rheological, and In Vitro Biocompatibility Properties with ATDC5 Chondrogenic Lineage

Farrag,

Ait Eldjoudi,

Farrag

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Here, we present the synthesis of a series of chemical homopolymeric and copolymeric injectable hydrogels based on polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEM) alone or with 2-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEM). The objective of this study was to investigate how the modification of hydrogel components influences the swelling, rheological attributes, and in vitro biocompatibility of the hydrogels. The hydrogels’ networks were formed via free radical polymerization, as assured by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). The swelling of the hydrogels directly correlated with the monomer and the catalyst amounts, in addition to the molecular weight of the monomer. Rheological analysis revealed that most of the synthesized hydrogels had viscoelastic and shear-thinning properties. The storage modulus and the viscosity increased by increasing the monomer and the crosslinker fraction but decreased by increasing the catalyst. MTT analysis showed no potential toxicity of the homopolymeric hydrogels, whereas the copolymeric hydrogels were toxic only at high DMEAM concentrations. The crosslinker polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) induced inflammation in ATDC5 cells, as detected by the significant increase in nitric oxide synthase type II activity. The results suggest a range of highly tunable homopolymeric and copolymeric hydrogels as candidates for cartilage regeneration.

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Development and Evaluation of Doppler Ultrasound Training Phantom for Human Vessel Simulation

Kim,

Hong,

Lee

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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The purpose of this study was to create a Doppler ultrasound training phantom aimed at aiding beginners in comprehending and effectively utilizing critical parameters during the learning process. Our designed training phantom does not require the use of a water pump or an automated injector. The fabrication of the vessel-mimicking phantom was accomplished using agarose gel. We utilized LEGO blocks to introduce a height difference that simulated blood flow within the phantom. The imitation blood material was prepared using glycerin. Ultrasound images were obtained using an Accuvix V10 device. This study utilized a Doppler ultrasound training phantom to facilitate stable imaging for beginners during scanning, due to its secure fixation. Furthermore, the fabricated vessel-mimicking phantom offers the advantage of adjusting the diameter of vessels during the fabrication process. Additionally, the easy adaptability, to tailor the phantom specifically for certain conditions by modifying only the vascular components, is another notable advantage. The experimental values for parameters such as the color box, scale, and color gain were collected. The spectral Doppler was used for a rough assessment of blood flow velocity. Color Doppler images, acquired via adjusting the color box to the left and right, displayed blood flow information in blue on the left, and red on the right. At a scale setting of 4 kHz and 0.6 kHz for color Doppler imaging, aliasing was absent at 4 kHz, but appeared at 0.6 kHz. Experiments involving various gain settings (2 dB, 5 dB, 10 dB, 35 dB, 60 dB, and 100 dB) demonstrated that the blood flow information was diminished at 2 dB, and exaggerated at 100 dB.

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A Review on Novel Channel Materials for Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements—Usability of Hydrogels in Cardiovascular Applications

Cited by 3 publications

References 85 publications

Particle Image Velocimetry of 3D-Printed Anatomical Blood Vascular Models Affected by Atherosclerosis

Particle Image Velocimetry of 3D-Printed Anatomical Blood Vascular Models Affected by Atherosclerosis

Poly(ethylene Glycol) Methyl Ether Methacrylate-Based Injectable Hydrogels: Swelling, Rheological, and In Vitro Biocompatibility Properties with ATDC5 Chondrogenic Lineage

Development and Evaluation of Doppler Ultrasound Training Phantom for Human Vessel Simulation

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