“…Complex and time-consuming traditional methods, 26–28 such as liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, data processing techniques, optical techniques, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods, are currently used for CaC 2 measurement. 21,29 Although these techniques can accurately quantify CaC 2 at low concentrations, they are not relevant to the consumers in the field. 30–32 To protect the worldwide environment and human health, analytes (dangerous substances) must be monitored promptly, effectively, and on-site.…”