A review on nanotoxicity and nanogenotoxicity of different shapes of nanomaterials

Abstract

Nanomaterials (NMs) generally display fascinating physical and chemical properties that are not always present in bulk materials; therefore, any modification to their size, shape, or coating tends to cause significant changes in their chemical/physical and biological characteristics. The dramatic increase in efforts to use NMs renders the risk assessment of their toxicity highly crucial due to the possible health perils of this relatively uncharted territory. The different sizes and shapes of the nanoparticles are known to have an impact on organisms and an important place in clinical applications. The shape of nanoparticles, namely, whether they are rods, wires, or spheres, is a particularly critical parameter to affect cell uptake and site-specific drug delivery, representing a significant factor in determining the potency and magnitude of the effect. This review, therefore, intends to offer a picture of research into the toxicity of different shapes (nanorods, nanowires, and nanospheres) of NMs to in vitro and in vivo models, presenting an in-depth analysis of health risks associated with exposure to such nanostructures and benefits achieved by using certain model organisms in genotoxicity testing. Nanotoxicity experiments use various models and tests, such as cell cultures, cores, shells, and coating materials. This review article also attempts to raise awareness about practical applications of NMs in different shapes in biology, to evaluate their potential genotoxicity, and to suggest approaches to explain underlying mechanisms of their toxicity and genotoxicity depending on nanoparticle shape.

Enhanced sunlight photocatalytic activity and biosafety of marine-driven synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles

“…In a similar study also when rat cardiomyocytes (H9C2) and human brain fibroblast cells (T98G) were exposed to a 5 mg/mL dose of 30 nm CeO 2 , no major cytotoxicity was observed 28 . Being nontoxic nature of bio-prepared nanoceria could be highly likely attributed to the presence of substantial marine-derive biomolecules covered the surface of nanoparticle boosting their bioactivity and safety toward healthy cells as conformed with several literature reports 19 , 29 .

Figure 9 Cytotoxicity and biosafety of marine-mediated nanoceria (CeO 2 NPs) against healthy L929 fibroblast cells.

…”

Enhanced Sunlight Photocatalytic Activity and Biosafety of Marine-Driven Synthesized Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles: A Future prospect

“…In a similar study also when rat cardiomyocytes (H9C2) and human brain fibroblast cells (T98G) were exposed to a 5 mg/mL dose of 30 nm CeO2, no major cytotoxicity was observed 22 . Being nontoxic nature of bio-prepared nanoceria could be highly likely attributed to the presence of substantial marine-derive biomolecules covered the surface of nanoparticle boosting their bioactivity and safety toward healthy cells as conformed with several literature reports 13,23 . The catalytic efficiency of the biogenic CeO2 NPs was studied toward degradation of the organic methylthioninium chloride which is also known as Methylene Blue (MB).…”

Nanomaterials-Mediated Immunomodulation for Cancer Therapeutics

“…Several studies have also shown an increase in intracellular oxidative stress and damage when cells are exposed to NMs such as carbon nanotubes (Francis and Devasena, 2018), gold nanoparticles (Chen et al, 2009), copper nanoparticles (Meng et al, 2007), titanium NMs (Demir, 2020), etc. These events often lead to adverse effects such as DNA aberration, genetic instability and inflammation depending upon the cell type, nature of NM and material concentration (Demir, 2021).…”