A review on molecular detection techniques of white spot syndrome virus: Perspectives of problems and solutions in shrimp farming

Abstract

This review aims to provide an update on the current scientific understanding of various aspects of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) formation, diagnostic procedures, transmission, ecological effects, pathophysiology and management strategies. In terms of production and financial benefits, the WSSV has been the most virulent in shrimp and several other crustacean sectors around the globe. It spreads vertically from diseased broodstock to post-larvae and horizontally by cannibalism, invertebrate vectors, freshwater and sediments. In the transfer of white spot disease (WSD) in newly stocked ponds, the survivability of WSSV in sediment is the most important variable. In typical cultural conditions, it is a highly infectious pathogen capable of inflicting total death within 3-10 days after an outbreak. Some of the current biosecurity strategies used to keep diseases out of shrimp ponds such as pond water disinfection, quarantine of new stocks before stocking and broader usage of specific pathogen-free shrimp. The sequencing and characterisation of various WSSV strains have provided details about pathogen biology, pathogenicity and disease. To develop successful control methods, knowledge of these characteristics is essential. In several shrimp-producing countries in Asia and the Americas, the infections produced by the WSSV have had disastrous socio-economic consequences. As a result of international trade or migration of diseased species, the World Animal Health Organization recognised several illnesses as posing a substantial hazard to farmed shrimp. WSD is receiving much scientific research due to the potential economic effects of the virus. Research is now being done to understand better the molecular biology and pathophysiology of WSSV, as well as how to treat and prevent the virus. However, further study should be conducted in countries with more resilient host species to understand their role in mitigating disease impacts since these revelations may aid in developing a WSD treatment.

Defining desired genetic gains for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) breeding objective using participatory approaches

“…Moreover, WSSV disease is an important issue in various commercial shrimp products. Also, most shrimp breeders have focused their efforts on producing lines with greater WSSV resistance since this disease spreads vertically from diseased broodstock to post‐larvae and horizontally by cannibalism of sick or dying prawns, invertebrate vectors, water and sediments (Islam et al., 2023).…”

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of WSSV-Challenged Penaeus vannamei with Variable Resistance Levels

“…WSSV exhibits a wide host range, capable of infecting shrimp, crabs, lobsters, crayfish, and copepods [4]. Additionally, WSSV is characterized by its ability to be transmitted vertically [5], adding to the challenges in managing and controlling the spread of this virus. These features significantly complicate the prevention and control of WSSV, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies in the aquaculture industry.…”

An Indian Perspective on the Infection and Diagnostic Landscape of Shrimp Aquaculture

“…In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the field of shrimp pathogen diagnostics. − With the development of molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) − and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), − it is now possible to detect specific pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity. PCR tests are performed more often than other techniques for the detection of viral pathogens in hatcheries and farms by screening brood-stock, larvae, and postlarvae samples from aquaculture water and sediment. − The world organization for animal health (WOAH) compiled a list of protocols for detecting animal pathogens, among which the methods used for shrimp pathogen detection and the markers for detection are summarized in Table .…”