A review on low salinity waterflooding in carbonates: challenges and future perspective

Nande, Soumitra; Patwardhan, Sanjay

doi:10.1007/s13202-021-01361-5

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…One of the main reasons behind these inconsistencies can be related to the absence of consensus on the optimum composition of the brine to be injected. This can be explained by the fact that the mechanism of CSW is not fully understood [8][9][10][11][12][13]. It is widely accepted that additional recovery is primarily accompanied by wettability alteration to a less oil-wet state [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevance of zeta potential as a tool for predicting the response of controlled salinity waterflooding in oil–water-carbonate systems

Rodrigues

Levant

Klimenko

2022

Fuel

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevance of zeta potential as a tool for predicting the response of controlled salinity waterflooding in oil–water-carbonate systems

Rodrigues

Levant

Klimenko

2022

Fuel

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“…Mineral dissolution is not considered the main mechanism that alone results in increased oil recovery through LSW injection. [ 21,28,30 ]…”

Section: Lsw Floodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary PDIs for LSW flooding in carbonate surfaces are SO 4 2− , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ , which tend to impact oil recovery depending on their concentration and temperature positively. [ 21 ]…”

Section: Lsw Floodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Salinity Water–Polymer Flooding in Carbonate Oil Reservoirs: A Critical Review

Nascimento

Pereira

Bastos

et al. 2023

Macro Reaction Engineering

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Low salinity water–polymer flooding (LSWPF) is an emerging hybrid enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method that uses the synergetic effects of low salinity water (LSW) and polymers to enhance both the microscopic and macroscopic sweep efficiencies. Polymer flooding is an EOR method that aims to increase water viscosity and improve the mobility ratio of the injected fluid to the reservoir. It enhances mobility control and reduces water relative permeability, reaching a more favorable condition for sweep efficiency. LSW is an EOR method that aims to change wettability by exploiting crude oil and reservoir rock interactions. It allows for improving oil recovery when the injected water has a very low salinity compared to seawater or formation water. The literature reports LSWPF studies applied to sandstone reservoirs. However, LSWPF applications in carbonate reservoirs still lack. This review critically analyzes LSWPF as an alternative to Polymer flooding using seawater in carbonate reservoirs.

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“…LSE mechanisms could be classified into two types: fluid–fluid interactions and solid–fluid interactions. Solid–fluid interactions include pH increase, MIE, EDL expansion, fines migration, salt in effect, and mineral dissolution, and fluid–fluid interactions include osmotic effect, formation of microdispersion, increased O/W interfacial viscoelasticity or snap-off effects, and fluid coalescence. − Many reports of the underlying mechanisms in the literatures are related to rock–fluid interactions. Little attention is paid to fluid–fluid interactions as a key mechanism for LSE .…”

Section: Proposed Lse Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… , In the recent 5 years, more and more attentions have been focused on the potential EOR/IOR of LSW in petroleum, and hence, review publications increased (Table ). − With deeper exploration, microdispersion formation, snap-off, fluid coalescence, and more were suggested as promising LSE mechanisms. − Tetteh et al concluded that microdispersion formation would be one of the future directions for LSW . Wettability alteration is considered as the main reason for LSE in sandstone and carbonate, which was explained both by DLVO and non-DLVO theories .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Underlying Mechanisms of Low Salinity Waterflooding: Comparisons between Sandstone and Carbonate

et al. 2022

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Low salinity effects (LSE) improved recovery could be obtained by reducing salinity and/or modifying the specific ions of injected brines. Low salinity waterflooding (LSW) is described as a certain low-cost and eco-friendly oil recovery technique, when referring the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) potential by laboratory observations and field pilots in recent decades. Various underlying mechanisms behind LSE were proposed, including saponification, multi-ionic exchange (MIE), electric double-layer (EDL) expansion, fines migration, salt in effect, osmotic effect, and so on. However, first, to our best knowledge, there is not yet a certain mechanism recognized by all experts. Second, LSE mechanisms of sandstones were always taken for granted to be applied directly to carbonates, without considering discrepancies in mineral compositions and pore structures. Third, spontaneous imbibition performances were usually concluded as the indication of wettability alteration, without considering the straightforward effects on imbibition caused by low salinity brine. Review results reveal LSE necessary conditions and influences. Necessary conditions should be satisfied to trigger LSE, including oil phase with polar components, connate water, injected brine key ions composition and low salinity, clay minerals, and initial wettability without the best performance. Their sole or mutual interactions influence LSE functions. Mechanisms could be classified into two types: solid–liquid and liquid–liquid. These (e.g., EDL expansion, MIE, fines migration) caused by solid–liquid could be attributed to wettability alteration, while microdispersion, osmosis effect, and snap-off belong to liquid–liquid interfacial factor. Sandstones mainly consist of quartz and clay, initially tending to behave as initial water wetness, while carbonates mainly consist of calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate, mainly behaving as initial oil-wet. Therefore, LSE in carbonates are contributed to by mechanisms related with wettability alteration, while LSE in sandstones are mainly related to other factors. The findings of this study can help with better understanding of LSE and speeding up our further endeavors to explore its potential in EOR.

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A review on low salinity waterflooding in carbonates: challenges and future perspective

Cited by 15 publications

References 61 publications

Relevance of zeta potential as a tool for predicting the response of controlled salinity waterflooding in oil–water-carbonate systems

Relevance of zeta potential as a tool for predicting the response of controlled salinity waterflooding in oil–water-carbonate systems

Low Salinity Water–Polymer Flooding in Carbonate Oil Reservoirs: A Critical Review

Review on Underlying Mechanisms of Low Salinity Waterflooding: Comparisons between Sandstone and Carbonate

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