A Review on Industrial Perspectives and Challenges on Material, Manufacturing, Design and Development of Compressed Hydrogen Storage Tanks for the Transportation Sector

Alves, Mariana Pimenta; Gul, Waseem; Cimini, Carlos Alberto; Ha, Sung Kyu

doi:10.3390/en15145152

Cited by 32 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…It involves storing compressed gaseous hydrogen in high-pressure containers. The containers can be classified into five standard types based on their construction materials as shown in Figure 18 and Table 6 [121,122]. The gravimetric density in weight percent (wt%) refers to the mass of a substance present in the unit mass of material.…”

Section: Compressed Hydrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems: Current Technology Development Status, Opportunities and Challenges

Rolo,

Costa,

Brito

2023

Energies

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The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier within the scope of the decarbonisation of the world’s energy production and utilisation is seen by many as an integral part of this endeavour. However, the discussion around hydrogen technologies often lacks some perspective on the currently available technologies, their Technology Readiness Level (TRL), scope of application, and important performance parameters, such as energy density or conversion efficiency. This makes it difficult for the policy makers and investors to evaluate the technologies that are most promising. The present study aims to provide help in this respect by assessing the available technologies in which hydrogen is used as an energy carrier, including its main challenges, needs and opportunities in a scenario in which fossil fuels still dominate global energy sources but in which renewables are expected to assume a progressively vital role in the future. The production of green hydrogen using water electrolysis technologies is described in detail. Various methods of hydrogen storage are referred, including underground storage, physical storage, and material-based storage. Hydrogen transportation technologies are examined, taking into account different storage methods, volume requirements, and transportation distances. Lastly, an assessment of well-known technologies for harnessing energy from hydrogen is undertaken, including gas turbines, reciprocating internal combustion engines, and fuel cells. It seems that the many of the technologies assessed have already achieved a satisfactory degree of development, such as several solutions for high-pressure hydrogen storage, while others still require some maturation, such as the still limited life and/or excessive cost of the various fuel cell technologies, or the suitable operation of gas turbines and reciprocating internal combustion engines operating with hydrogen. Costs below 200 USD/kWproduced, lives above 50 kh, and conversion efficiencies approaching 80% are being aimed at green hydrogen production or electricity production from hydrogen fuel cells. Nonetheless, notable advances have been achieved in these technologies in recent years. For instance, electrolysis with solid oxide cells may now sometimes reach up to 85% efficiency although with a life still in the range of 20 kh. Conversely, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) working as electrolysers are able to sometimes achieve a life in the range of 80 kh with efficiencies up to 68%. Regarding electricity production from hydrogen, the maximum efficiencies are slightly lower (72% and 55%, respectively). The combination of the energy losses due to hydrogen production, compression, storage and electricity production yields overall efficiencies that could be as low as 25%, although smart applications, such as those that can use available process or waste heat, could substantially improve the overall energy efficiency figures. Despite the challenges, the foreseeable future seems to hold significant potential for hydrogen as a clean energy carrier, as the demand for hydrogen continues to grow, particularly in transportation, building heating, and power generation, new business prospects emerge. However, this should be done with careful regard to the fact that many of these technologies still need to increase their technological readiness level before they become viable options. For this, an emphasis needs to be put on research, innovation, and collaboration among industry, academia, and policymakers to unlock the full potential of hydrogen as an energy vector in the sustainable economy.

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Section: Compressed Hydrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems: Current Technology Development Status, Opportunities and Challenges

Rolo,

Costa,

Brito

2023

Energies

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“…However, like all thermoset composites, Epoxy has drawbacks, the most significant of which is its non-recyclability. Currently, end-of-life epoxy resin tanks, which cannot be recycled, are buried or recovered as solid fuel, especially for heating cement mills [ 15 , 24 ]. Due to tighter regulations regulating the burial of industrial waste and increased recycling obligations, thermoplastic resin Elium ® 591 by Arkema, France [ 25 ], is an alternate option for manufacturing hydrogen tanks.…”

Section: Manufacturing Of the Test Specimenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Polymeric Composites for Hydrogen Tank

Gul,

Xia,

Gérard

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Carbon neutrality has led to a surge in the popularity of hydrogen tanks in recent years. However, designing high-performance tanks necessitates the precise determination of input material properties. Unfortunately, conventional characterization methods often underestimate these material properties. To address this limitation, the current research introduces alternative designs of ring tensile specimens, which enable accurate and reliable characterization of filament-wound structures. The advantages and disadvantages of these alternative designs are thoroughly discussed, considering both numerical simulations and experimental investigations. Moreover, the proposed ring tensile methods are applied to characterize thermoplastic composites for hydrogen storage tanks. The results indicate that the mechanical strengths and stiffness of carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic Elium® 591 composites closely match those of epoxy-based composites. This newfound accuracy in measurement is expected to contribute significantly to the development of recyclable hydrogen tanks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, the maximum operating pressure and volume of type V CPV that can be attained at this stage are limited, and it mainly used for space launch vehicles. [17][18][19][20] The first commercial Type V CPV was manufactured in 2010, which was used for store argon gas as a component of the satellite's micro-discharge plasma thruster. The operational pressure was 200psi, and the burst pressure was 2000-2500psi.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While, as the composite shell should be used for preventing hydrogen permeation, leakage and permeation induced by micro-crack of matrix of composite shell and delamination are important failure behaviors, which has attracted much attention in type V CPV development. 17,22 According to the location and the consequences of the burst, burst modes can be classified into safe burst mode and unsafe burst mode, as shown in Figure 2. 23 In safe mode, burst occurs in the cylinder part, and the metallic bosses go inwards the tank, this burst type is due to fiber breakage in circumferential plies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experiment, simulation, optimization design, and damage detection of composite shell of hydrogen storage vessel-A review

Zhang

et al. 2022

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

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The composite shell of composite high pressure hydrogen storage vessel (CHPHSV) is the main structure in bearing inner pressure. Its failure will lead to leakage or burst of CHPHSV, which will cause serious safety problem and economic losses. So the security of CHPHSV has always been a key and difficult problem in academia and industry, which restricts the large-scale application of hydrogen. In this paper, the failures of composite shell of type III, type IV, and type V vessels are reviewed in experiment study, simulation method, optimization design, and damage detection, focusing on the burst modes (safe or unsafe), the influence of hydrogen-thermo-stress field, and the epistemic uncertainty. Firstly, the burst modes, failure behavior, test method, and influencing factors are summarized in the experiment study, and experiment for type V composite pressure vessel is discussed. Secondly, the simulation method is reviewed in the aspect of first ply failure (FPF) analysis and last ply failure (LPF) analysis. The damage evolution of safe burst mode and unsafe burst mode is summarized. Besides, the influence of hydrogen-thermo-stress field and the uncertainty characteristic are also reviewed. Moreover, simulations of micro-crack and permeability for type V composite pressure vessels are summarized. Then, the optimization design methods based on deterministic parameters and uncertain parameters are reviewed. Finally, the damage detection methods of the composite shell of CHPHSV are summarized. The experiment, numerical simulation, and optimization are important for design of the composite vessel, and the damage detection can significantly reduce the degree of uncertainty and maintenance safety. In the future research, precise model considering multiple damage modes, hydrogen-thermo-stress field effect should be established for simulation of safe and unsafe burst mode. Uncertain quantization should be studied for burst pressure with combination of stochastic uncertainty and epistemic uncertainty. Besides, the robust design method based on the reliability of CHPHSV considering the epistemic uncertainty of design parameters should be established for a larger safety margin.

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A Review on Industrial Perspectives and Challenges on Material, Manufacturing, Design and Development of Compressed Hydrogen Storage Tanks for the Transportation Sector

Cited by 32 publications

References 97 publications

Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems: Current Technology Development Status, Opportunities and Challenges

Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems: Current Technology Development Status, Opportunities and Challenges

Characterization of Polymeric Composites for Hydrogen Tank

Experiment, simulation, optimization design, and damage detection of composite shell of hydrogen storage vessel-A review

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