A review on heating mechanism, materials and heating parameters of microwave hybrid heated joining technique

The Comminution of Chert Gravel by Microwave Irradiation

“…Dipolar polarization, ionic conduction, and interfacial polarization are essential mechanisms driving the temperature rise in dielectric materials, including rocks [5]. When exposed to an alternating electric field, material polarization releases thermal energy, and when it reaches a specific limit, it induces microcracks.…”

“…This process provides an environmentally friendly and cost-efficient means of enhancing manufacturing quality. By exploring the microwave heating process, materials, and parameters, its superiority over traditional methods has been demonstrated [5]. For example, microwave heating provides a notable advantage: uniform and selective heating, a rarity in conventional methods [6][7][8].…”

“…For example, microwave heating provides a notable advantage: uniform and selective heating, a rarity in conventional methods [6][7][8]. Notably, it facilitates expedited heating rates attributable to the lack of direct physical contact between the heating source and the material undergoing heating, concurrently diminishing both time and energy expenditure, which is extremely important because it is environmentally friendly [5,9]. The data presented in [10] highlight the prospective use of microwave energy in various mineral treatment and metal recovery procedures, including heating, drying, grinding, leaching, roasting, smelting, carbothermic reduction of oxide minerals, pre-treatment of refractory gold concentrate or ore, spent carbon regeneration, and waste management.…”

“…Minerals are categorized into three primary responses to microwaves based on their affinity for microwave absorption: (1) low-loss materials permit microwaves to pass through without being absorbed; (2) no-loss materials reflect microwaves with minimal energy absorption; (3) high-loss materials, typically dielectrics, fully absorb microwaves [5,21]. The extent of a substance's energy absorption is dictated by its dielectric losses.…”