A review on green Lewis acids: zirconium(IV) oxydichloride octahydrate (ZrOCl2·8H2O) and zirconium(IV) tetrachloride (ZrCl4) in organic chemistry

Nikoofar, Kobra; Khademi, Zahra

doi:10.1007/s11164-015-2260-6

Cited by 58 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…In addition to conventional Lewis acids, early, middle, and late transition metals are used as homogeneous, organo, chiral Lewis acid catalysts . At the same time, green acid catalysis has been developed in organic chemistry, with the use of aqueous medium as a harmless, safe, environmentally benign solvent . The first list of Lewis acids stable in water was established in 1998.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Conventional Lewis Acids to Heterogeneous Montmorillonite K10: Eco‐Friendly Plant‐Based Catalysts Used as Green Lewis Acids

et al. 2018

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The concept of green chemistry began in the USA in the 1990s. Since the publication of the 12 principles of this concept, many reactions in organic chemistry have been developed, and chemical products have been synthesized under environmentally friendly conditions. Lewis acid mediated synthetic transformations are by far the most numerous and best studied. However, the use of certain Lewis acids may cause risks to environmental and human health. This Review discusses the evolution of Lewis acid catalyzed reactions from a homogeneous liquid phase to the solid phase to yield the expected organic molecules under green, safe conditions. In particular, recent developments and applications of biosourced catalysts from plants are highlighted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Conventional Lewis Acids to Heterogeneous Montmorillonite K10: Eco‐Friendly Plant‐Based Catalysts Used as Green Lewis Acids

et al. 2018

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“…According to the literature and also experimental observation, the plausible mechanism for the one‐pot regioselective and chemoselective syntheses of pyrimido[4,5‐ d ]pyrimidine derivatives is described in Scheme . First, we believed that activation of the arylglyoxal ( 7a – l ) is achieved by ZrOCl 2 .8H 2 O (intermediate 8 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, zirconium ( 4 ) oxydichloride octahydrate (ZrOCl 2 .8H 2 O) is a cheap, nontoxic, and highly water‐tolerant catalyst . Zr 4+ compounds possess a highly coordinating ability that allows strong Lewis acid behavior and high catalytic activity .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Different Green Catalytic Systems for One‐Pot Regioselective and Chemoselective Synthesis of Some Pyrimido[4,5‐d]Pyrimidinone Derivatives in Water

Rimaz

Khalafy

Mousavi

et al. 2017

Journal of Heterocyclic Chem

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In this work, we have developed green and efficient regioselective and chemoselective syntheses of 5‐aryloyl‐1,3‐dimethyl‐7‐thioxo‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydropyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4(1H,3H)‐dione and 5‐aryloyl‐1,3‐dimethyl‐2,7‐dithioxo‐2,3,5,6,7,8‐hexahydropyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidin‐4(1H)‐one derivatives via one‐pot three‐component Biginelli‐like condensation of arylglyoxal monohydrates, N,N‐dimethylbarbituric acid or N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐thiobarbituric acid, and thiourea in water at 50°C. The presence of two different green catalytic systems (ZrOCl2.8H2O and also DABCO) proceeded efficiently to afford the desired products in good‐to‐excellent yields. An aqueous reaction medium, high regioselectivity and chemoselectivity, simple operation and suitable yields of products are the important features of these green protocols.

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“…The results show that in the absence of catalyst or co‐catalyst no reaction progress is observed which indicates that the presence of the catalyst as Lewis acid (electrophile) and co‐catalyst as Lewis base (nucleophile) is necessary for obtaining the highest yield . Since Zr(IV) is a good Lewis acid, various Lewis bases as co‐catalyst were checked in the reaction of 1,2‐epoxyoctane with CO 2 in the presence of this catalyst (Table ). LiBr as a co‐catalyst shows higher activity than quaternary halide salts (ammonium and phosphonium) in this reaction, probably due to less of a steric effect.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and carbon dioxide by magnetic UiO‐66 under mild conditions

Delavari

Zadehahmadi

Tangestaninejad

et al. 2016

Applied Organom Chemis

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The catalytic activity of UiO‐66@Fe3O4@SiO2 catalyst was investigated in the fixation of carbon dioxide with epoxides under mild conditions. In this manner, a facile magnetization of UiO‐66 was achieved simultaneously by simply mixing this metal–organic framework and silica‐coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles in solution under sonication. The prepared catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared and UV–visible spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction, transmission and field emission scanning electron microscopies, N2 adsorption and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. This new heterogeneous catalyst was applied as a highly efficient catalyst in the coupling of carbon dioxide with epoxides at mild temperatures and pressures. Furthermore, it could be easily recovered with the assistance of an external magnetic field and reused three consecutive times without significant loss of activity and mass.

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A review on green Lewis acids: zirconium(IV) oxydichloride octahydrate (ZrOCl2·8H2O) and zirconium(IV) tetrachloride (ZrCl4) in organic chemistry

Cited by 58 publications

References 169 publications

From Conventional Lewis Acids to Heterogeneous Montmorillonite K10: Eco‐Friendly Plant‐Based Catalysts Used as Green Lewis Acids

From Conventional Lewis Acids to Heterogeneous Montmorillonite K10: Eco‐Friendly Plant‐Based Catalysts Used as Green Lewis Acids

Two Different Green Catalytic Systems for One‐Pot Regioselective and Chemoselective Synthesis of Some Pyrimido[4,5‐d]Pyrimidinone Derivatives in Water

Catalytic synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and carbon dioxide by magnetic UiO‐66 under mild conditions

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