A review on factors causing parkinson’s syndrome

Abstract

Parkinson disease (PD) is the most common chronic neurodegenerative disease that affects the brain, resulting in a progressive loss of coordination and movement to death and contributes to about 25-30% cases of dementia. An estimated seven million to 10million people worldwide have Parkinson's disease. It is characterized by the classical motor features of parkinsonism related to Lewy bodies and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and the major symptoms include problems with resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, speech dysfunction, psychiatric symptoms, sleep disorder and fatigue. Presently existing pharmacological and surgical treatments provides relief from a few motor symptoms, but do not halt the ultimate progression of the syndrome. The root cause of Parkinson's disease remains unknown. Although significant research advances illustrate distinct paths that closely try to disclose various mitochondrial, genetic, behavioral, environmental, and epigenetic causes that may lead to the development of PD. Most likely all study target the dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, alpha-synuclein protein, PINK1 protein, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. However, a better understanding of the disease is leading to new diagnostic tools and treatments.