A review on extractive metallurgy of tantalum and niobium

Shikika, Alidor; Sethurajan, Manivannan; Muvundja, Fabrice A.; Mugumaoderha, Mac C.; Gaydardzhiev, Stoyan

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105496

Cited by 71 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…It has good chemical stability and peculiar physical and chemical properties (Wen et al, 2021). The development in the field of communication and microelectronics has been reflected in a concomitant increase in the demand for strategic metals tantalum (Ta) and niobium (Nb) (Shikika et al, 2020). Lithium (Li) has strategic importance for numerous industrial applications (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WITHDRAWN: Lichens as Biomonitors of Air Pollutants Deposition: Strategically Important Element Pollution 

Topal

Öbek

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In this study, different lichen species (Lobaria pulmonaria, Cladonia furcata, Usnea longissima, Xanthoparmelia somloensis, and Flavopormelia caperata) as biomonitors of air pollutants deposition were investigated and element pollution (Ta, Bi, Hf, Nb, Ga, Sc, Li, Y, Ce, and Sr) was evaluated. According to obtained data, the highest accumulation was 43.9±2.1 mg/kg in Xanthoparmelia somloensis. Sr value detected in each lichen was quite high. Sr percentages for Lobaria pulmonaria, Cladonia furcata, Usnea longissima, Xanthoparmelia somloensis, and Flavopormelia caperata were 77%, 66%, 87%, 58%, and 78%, respectively. This indicates that the lichens accumulate Sr well. Also, other strategically important elements were also accumulative by lichens. The highest contamination factor (CF) values in lichen species were determined for Sr and Ta. The highest CF values of Hf, Nb, Li, Ga, and Bi were calculated for L. pulmonaria while the highest CF values of Sr, Y, Sc, and Ce were calculated for Xanthoparmelia somloensis. Moreover, the highest CF value of Ta was calculated for Flavopormelia caperata. EF values for Lobaria pulmonaria, Cladonia furcata, and Flavopormelia caperata were >10, only for Bi. EF values for Usnea longissima were <10. EF values for Xanthoparmelia somloensis were >10. PLI values for Lobaria pulmonaria and Usnea longissima were >1. As a result, the presence of strategically important elements detected in lichen species showed that lichens can be used as biomonitors of air pollutants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WITHDRAWN: Lichens as Biomonitors of Air Pollutants Deposition: Strategically Important Element Pollution 

Topal

Öbek

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…The processes required for niobium and tantalum recovery were already studied by different authors in previous studies, establishing the initial concentration for the three metals considered [36][37][38][39]. As niobium and tantalum have similar chemical and physical properties, their separation and purification processes are considerably difficult [38]. Still, they can be recovered from the slags generated after a carbothermic reduction [39,40].…”

Section: Methodology and Data Availability Model For Recovering Nb And Ta From Slagsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation to Recover Niobium and Tantalum from the Tin Slags of the Old Penouta Mine: A Case Study

et al. 2021

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Demand for niobium and tantalum is increasing exponentially as these are essential ingredients for the manufacture of, among others, capacitors in technological devices and ferroniobium. Mine tailings rich in such elements could constitute an important source of Nb and Ta in the future and alleviate potential supply risks. This paper evaluates the possibility of recovering niobium and tantalum from the slags generated during the tin beneficiation process of mine tailings from the old Penouta mine, located in Spain. To do so, a simulation of the processes required to beneficiate and refine both elements is carried out. After carbothermic tin reduction, the slags are sent to a hydrometallurgical process where niobium oxide and tantalum oxide are obtained at the end. Reagents, water, and energy consumption, in addition to emissions, effluents, and product yields, are assessed. Certain factors were identified as critical, and recirculation was encouraged in the model to maximise production and minimise reagents’ use and wastes. With this simulation, considering 3000 production hours per year, the metal output from the tailings of the old mine could cover around 1% and 7.4% of the world annual Nb and Ta demand, respectively.

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“…The processes required for niobium and tantalum recovery were already studied by different authors in previous studies, establishing the initial concentration for the three metals considered [34][35][36][37]. As niobium and tantalum, have similar chemical and physical properties, their separation and purification processes are considerably difficult [36]. Still, they can be recovered from the slags generated after a carbothermic reduction [37,38].…”

Section: Model For Recovering Nb and Ta From Slagsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation to Recover Niobium and Tantalum From the Tin Slags of the Penouta Mine: A Case Study

Magdalena¹,

Valero²,

Calvo³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Demand for niobium and tantalum is increasing exponentially as these are essential ingredients for the manufacture of, among others, capacitors in technological devices and ferroniobium. Mine tailings rich in such elements could constitute an important source of Nb and Ta in the future and so alleviate potential supply risks. This paper evaluates the possibility of recovering niobium and tantalum from the slags generated during the tin beneficiation process of mine tailings from the old Penouta mine, located in Spain. To do so, a simulation of the processes that would be required to beneficiate and refine both elements is carried out. After tin carbothermic reduction, the slags are sent to a hydrometallurgical process where at the end niobium oxide and tantalum oxide are obtained. Reagents, water and energy consumption, in addition to emissions, effluents and product yields are assessed. Certain factors were identified as critical, and recirculation was encouraged in the model to maximize production and minimize reagents use and wastes. With this simulation, considering 3000 production hours per year, the metal output from the tailings of the old mine could cover around 1% and 7.4% of the world annual Nb and Ta demand, respectively.

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A review on extractive metallurgy of tantalum and niobium

Cited by 71 publications

References 48 publications

WITHDRAWN: Lichens as Biomonitors of Air Pollutants Deposition: Strategically Important Element Pollution

WITHDRAWN: Lichens as Biomonitors of Air Pollutants Deposition: Strategically Important Element Pollution

Simulation to Recover Niobium and Tantalum from the Tin Slags of the Old Penouta Mine: A Case Study

Simulation to Recover Niobium and Tantalum From the Tin Slags of the Penouta Mine: A Case Study

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A review on extractive metallurgy of tantalum and niobium

Cited by 71 publications

References 48 publications

WITHDRAWN: Lichens as Biomonitors of Air Pollutants Deposition: Strategically Important Element Pollution&nbsp;

WITHDRAWN: Lichens as Biomonitors of Air Pollutants Deposition: Strategically Important Element Pollution&nbsp;

Simulation to Recover Niobium and Tantalum from the Tin Slags of the Old Penouta Mine: A Case Study

Simulation to Recover Niobium and Tantalum From the Tin Slags of the Penouta Mine: A Case Study

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WITHDRAWN: Lichens as Biomonitors of Air Pollutants Deposition: Strategically Important Element Pollution

WITHDRAWN: Lichens as Biomonitors of Air Pollutants Deposition: Strategically Important Element Pollution