A Review on Edible Vaccines and Biopharmaceutical Products from Plants

Abstract

Plants have substantial potential for the development of various biopharmaceuticals. Plants provide a cost-effective and direct source for the production of biopharmaceuticals such as vaccines, antibodies, proteins, enzymes and hormones. In most cases, purification is an important and expensive step in the production of these substances. The problem can be resolved when it is produced in plants and the whole plant can be consumed. Direct ingestion of plant materials may help in overcoming the purification step. Being produced in seeds, fruits and tubers, it helps in providing more immunization in developing countries at a cheaper rate. Moreover, it can be administered more efficiently than any other dosage forms. This review focuses on various immunization and therapeutic products that are produced in plants along with currently available formulations in each category.

Plants against cancer: the immune-boosting herbal microbiome: not of the plant, but in the plant. Basic concepts, introduction, and future resource for vaccine adjuvant discovery

“…(115,120,121). Edible MAMPS (zymogen or other) reaching the GI would evoke the transfer of enemy antigenic data through M cells to antigenpresenting cells (APCs), which then travel to the mesenteric lymph node (122) concomitant to lamina propria APC dendritic cell branching to systemic lymphatic vessels (75,(123)(124)(125) evoking T cell clonal expansion (126-128). Moreover, oral administration of MAMPS, like LPS, may enter into blood circulation through lipid absorption or chylomicrons by intestinal epithelial cells (50) triggering systemic innate and acquired immune system response as evidenced in mammals (75).…”

Functional immune boosters; the herb or its dead microbiome? Antigenic TLR4 agonist MAMPs found in 65 medicinal roots and algae’s

“…Mechanistically, once ingested, MAMPS activate immune cells (such as macrophages) and epithelial cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)/Peyer’s patches as well as subcomponent lamina propria via mechanisms involving TLRs, C-type lectin receptors, and NOD-like receptors ( Crunkhorn, 2022 ; Patin et al, 2019 ). Once activated, MAMP/ PRRs transmit corresponding antigenic information via M cells to antigen presenting cells (APCs) which then transition toward mesenteric lymph ( Mo et al, 2022 ) and systemic lymph via dendritic cells ( Debnath et al, 2022 ; Iqbal et al, 2014 ; Paradia et al, 2022 ; Stander et al, 2022 ) triggering T cell clonal expansion. ( Gallichan and Rosenthal, 1996 ; Smith et al, 2002 ; Woolverton et al, 1992 ).…”