A Review on Digital ECG Formats and the Relationships Between Them

Abstract

A plethora of digital ECG formats have been proposed and implemented. This heterogeneity hinders the design and development of interoperable systems and entails critical integration issues for the healthcare information systems. This paper aims at performing a comprehensive overview on the current state of affairs of the interoperable exchange of digital ECG signals. This includes 1) a review on existing digital ECG formats, 2) a collection of applications and cardiology settings using such formats, 3) a compilation of the relationships between such formats, and 4) a reflection on the current situation and foreseeable future of the interoperable exchange of digital ECG signals. The objectives have been approached by completing and updating previous reviews on the topic through appropriate database mining. 39 digital ECG formats, 56 applications, tools or implantation experiences, 47 mappings/converters, and 6 relationships between such formats have been found in the literature. The creation and generalization of a single standardized ECG format is a desirable goal. However, this unification requires political commitment and international cooperation among different standardization bodies. Ongoing ontology-based approaches covering ECG domain have recently emerged as a promising alternative for reaching fully fledged ECG interoperability in the near future.

Intelligent Information Extractor through Artificial Data Analyzer Mechanism in Electrocardiogramic Data

“…This ECG data can be created and the users are querying specific abnormal cardiac conditions. Future work could focus on the design and advanced techniques for data entry, storing, searching, and presenting ECG information to the users [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]12]. Using Histogram check is to identify an accurate disease for the ECG diagnosis report.…”

“…The Projected system incorporates a way of automatic generation of diagnosis report with ECG image that will be a useful innovation to the medical field [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The manipulation of diagnosis reports with the ECG graphical and historical curve [12].…”

“…Most this techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying current place signalprocessing techniques for that. Image method usually refers to digital image method, but optical and analog image method also are accomplishable the text is regarding general techniques that apply to any of them [1]. The acquisition of images is expressed as imaging.…”

“…It lies tilted in this area like an upside-down triangle. So, this electrical activity of the heart is to play a major role for a human being, utilized in the [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] medical field for diagnosing the acquired syndrome. An ontology is generated on the basis of abnormalities diagnosis report of the ECG curve measured with the x and y-axis positions [5].…”

“…An ontology is generated on the basis of abnormalities diagnosis report of the ECG curve measured with the x and y-axis positions [5]. An XML schema is a type of XML document and it has a content of documents through the constraints imposed by XML itself [1,2,5,[8][9][10]. An XML schema is designed from the generated ontological electrocardiographic data.…”