A Review on Design Aspects of Fractal Antenna Arrays

Praveena, M. D. Anto; Ponnapalli, V. A. Sankar

doi:10.1109/iccci.2019.8821860

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In carpet design, more probable slots are to be cut to increase bandwidth and the antenna's directivity 6–9 . Regarding project work design, Sierpinski carpet structure is designed in the IE3D EM simulator 10,11 . Sierpinski fractals results come with multiband characteristics, with respect to frequency 12–14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and analysis of square shape slot cut high gain Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna for wireless applications

Raj

Dhubkarya

Srivastava

et al. 2023

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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In this paper, a fractal antenna is proposed for wideband application. It has a resonance frequency of 5 GHz, and has been designed using an FR4 substrate with a width and a length of 40 mm and patch with a width, length of 35.288 mm.The proposed antenna has been made with five iterations, and the result obtained multiband behavior and agrees with the various efficient wireless applications. In the proposed antenna, there are four bands response at frequencies 1.6, 2.9,5.2, and 6 GHz, and bandwidth percentage are 4.56%, 7.89%, 12.13%, and 4.6%. It also covers application in 1. 5-1.7, 2.8-3.1, 4.8-5.4, and 5.9-6.2 GHz. The gain and the directivity of the proposed antenna is measured as 15.885 dBi greater than other fractal antennas to date, and 7.422 dBi respectively. The proposed antenna has been implemented successfully using IE3D and the result has been tested successfully using a key sight vector analyzer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6][7][8][9] Regarding project work design, Sierpinski carpet structure is designed in the IE3D EM simulator. 10,11 Sierpinski fractals results come with multiband characteristics, with respect to frequency. [12][13][14] Iterative analysis shows that bandwidth is increased after the patch's slot cut.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and analysis of square shape slot cut high gain Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna for wireless applications

Raj

Dhubkarya

Srivastava

et al. 2023

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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“…When we talk about nature, we find the identical configuration as fractals 7 . The identical configurations have the factor as if they exist 8 . In electronics and communication engineering, the fractal antenna has the property of multiband characteristics due to identical configuration 9–13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a few years, fractal antennae have been a very emerging field of study. [6][7][8][9] The fractal concept comes out with nature. When we talk about nature, we find the identical configuration as fractals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and experimental analysis of fractal antennae with ground‐defected structure for expected 6G and 5G mm‐wave communication and wireless applications

Raj,

Mandal

2023

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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This article proposes modified fractal antennae for wideband applications. The proposed antennas have a resonance frequency range of 10–40 GHz. Modified fractal antennae are designed and fabricated with a height of 1.6 mm, substrate width, and length of 35 mm2. The simulated result shows that the peak gain is increased by 6–8 dBi for the proposed designs DGS 1 and DGS 2 concerning fractal antennae FA 1 FA 2. Based on the proposed designs, the designed DGS 1 and DGS 2 antennae radiate power with a peak directivity of 8.58–13.3 in dBi concerning fractal antennae FA 1 FA 2. The proposed antennas with expected 6G and 5G NR bands have more radiation concerning resonate frequencies such as 14, 30, and 37 GHz, and 14, 17.1, 19.5, 30, 33.2, and 36.92 GHz in the 10–40 GHz range with Phi = 0°, Phi = 90°, and Theta = 90° concerning designs DGS 1 and DGS 2. At frequencies in the mm‐wave range, the antenna has more fluctuations, and current distribution is concentrated on fractal slots, in which antennas have more radiation. Proposed antennae have pencil beam properties required for advanced 5G mm‐wave communication. A more radiating antenna has a maximum return loss of 27 and 30 dB for designs DGS 1 and DGS 2, respectively. Moreover, the bandwidths covered in the 5G NR and expected 6G frequency ranges are 13.5–16.8 GHz, 27–38.1 GHz, and 12.63–14.68 GHz, 15.3–40 GHz, concerning designs DGS 1 and DGS 2. The proposed antennae have multiband, which cover more applications in the n257, n258, n259, n260, and n261 5G NR bands and expected 6G bands with the ground‐based radio navigation applications, and so forth. The proposed fabricated antennas also cover 5G and expected 6G applications with good matching. The proposed antennae have been simulated using CST, and the results of the fabricated antenna have been validated using the vector network analyzer, spectrum analyzer, and power sensor.

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“…Fractal shapes were initially employed to increase operating bandwidths and downsize antennas. Fractals possess certain features that allow them to provide a wider bandwidth; these include self-similarity and space-filling characteristics [7]. Self-similarity means that the entire shape can be divided into many subparts and each of these subparts is a replication of the whole shape in a smaller size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Wideband Thinned Eisenstein Fractile Antenna Arrays With Adaptive Beamforming Capability and Reduced Side-Lobes

2022

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A modern design of fractal antenna arrays, called fractile array, which exhibits a fractal boundary contour within a tiled plane, is explored for enhanced array performance. In this paper, the Eisenstein fractile array is introduced to exploit the unique geometrical features of fractiles that allow multiband and wideband operation and avoid grating lobes in the radiation pattern even, in some cases, when the array elements' spacing is greater than the half wavelength. To alleviate the large number of elements and the high Side-Lobe Level (SLL) occurred at large scales, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization technique is considered for thinning the proposed antenna array by estimating the optimal set of "on" and "off" elements corresponding to the minimum SLL without degrading the directivity of the radiation pattern. Also, the proposed array configuration is designed with adaptive beamforming capability using the Least Mean Square (LMS) technique. The effectiveness of the proposed GA-LMS approach is investigated by performing several MATLAB simulations under various set of array configurations. Results reveal that the suggested thinned Eisenstein fractile antenna array using GA-LMS approach is superior in terms of multiband and wideband performance, array element reduction, SLL reduction, grating lobe elimination, and beamforming capability. This elucidates the robustness of the suggested thinned Eisenstein fractile array as a promising design for multiband, wideband, compact, inexpensive, and adaptive smart antennas in modern wireless systems.

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A Review on Design Aspects of Fractal Antenna Arrays

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Design and analysis of square shape slot cut high gain Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna for wireless applications

Design and analysis of square shape slot cut high gain Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna for wireless applications

Design and experimental analysis of fractal antennae with ground‐defected structure for expected 6G and 5G mm‐wave communication and wireless applications

Synthesis of Wideband Thinned Eisenstein Fractile Antenna Arrays With Adaptive Beamforming Capability and Reduced Side-Lobes

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