A review on decentralized wastewater treatment systems in India

MAD water: Integrating modular, adaptive, and decentralized approaches for water security in the climate change era

“…In addition to higher‐tech systems such as the Gates Foundation toilet (Hiolski, 2019) and containerized sanitation (Ferguson et al, 2022), there is revived interest in composting systems (Anand & Apul, 2014; Mariwah et al, 2022) as a means of safely managing fecal waste. These systems, by which we mean both the technology (Geetha Varma et al, 2022; Li et al, 2023) and the management models and institutional environment in which they sit, can be considered as MAD systems. These decentralized systems may not always be modular—artisanal/bespoke septic tanks are common—but the management of fecal sludge is inherently adaptive, with the conceptualization and monetization of fecal sludge as a resource opening up new business models (Shukla et al, 2023; Wichelns et al, 2015).…”

Bioenergy-producing two-stage septic tank and floating wetland for onsite wastewater treatment: Circuit connection and external aeration

“…Metals in wastewater, even in minor concentrations, could threaten the receiving aquatic environment ( Ayaz et al, 2020 ). The review studies on decentralized wastewater treatment technologies employed worldwide were primarily inclined towards removal performance assessment with the common pollutant, i.e., organic, nutrient, solids, and coliform ( Geetha Varma et al, 2022 ; Moreira and Dias, 2020 ; Saeed and Sun, 2017 ). Due to data scarcity, the probable metals removal mechanisms in septic tanks and constructed wetlands (when employed to polish septic tank effluent) and performance influencing factors have not clearly been understood to date.…”

Decentralised treatment solutions for on-site faecal sludge: quantifying the removal efficiencies of two novel systems in an East African city

“…Presently, there is very limited information on the removal efficiencies of FSTP operating in lower and lower-middle income countries. 15 What limited data that does exist is presented in reports published by NGOs, for example BORDA. 16 More critically, there is an absence of data sets that monitor FSTP performance in relation to loading frequencies and seasonality.…”