A review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics

Abstract

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the major cardiovascular diseases affecting the global human population. This disease has been proved to be the major cause of death in both the developed and developing countries. Lifestyle, environmental factors, and genetic factors pose as risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of risk factors among healthy individuals elucidates the probable occurrence of CAD in near future. Genome‐wide association studies have suggested the association of chromosome 9p21.3 in the premature onset of CAD. The risk factors of CAD include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, obesity, homocystinuria, and psychosocial stress. The eradication and management of CAD has been established through extensive studies and trials. Antiplatelet agents, nitrates, β‐blockers, calcium antagonists, and ranolazine are some of the few therapeutic agents used for the relief of symptomatic angina associated with CAD.

Oxidative Stress-Responsive MicroRNAs in Heart Injury

“…The modified lipoproteins propagate inflammatory responses. As a result, obstruction of blood flow occurs, and this leads to a mismatch between myocardial oxygen demand and supply [130].…”

Up‐regulation of long non‐coding RNA THRIL in coronary heart disease: Prediction for disease risk, correlation with inflammation, coronary artery stenosis, and major adverse cardiovascular events

“…Although the management (including pharmacologic therapy such as statins and non‐pharmacologic therapy such as coronary artery bypass grafting) and recognition of risk factors (such as smoking, complication with diabetes mellitus, or hypertension) for CHD have been properly established, CHD is still the leading cause of mortality with 8.9 million cases of death in 2017, and the prognosis is still far from satisfactory . Therefore, prediction and prevention of CHD are still of urgent need, and searching for novel biomarkers including long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) seems a promising solution …”

Integrated weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified that TLR2 and CD40 are related to coronary artery disease

“…As a multifactorial and complex disorder, many genetic complications and environmental exposures, including early family history, unhealthy life habits (such as smoking and excessive drinking), hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and diabetes, can result in CAD [2][3][4][5]. At the same time, improvements in science and technology have provided us with a new understanding of CAD that abnormal gene expression plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CAD [6].…”