A review on comprehensive recycling of spent power lithium-ion battery in China

Yu, Wenhao; Guo, Yi; Shang, Zhen; Zhang, Yingchao; Xu, Shengming

doi:10.1016/j.etran.2022.100155

Cited by 131 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 167 publications

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“…Due to the deterioration of the environment, countries all over the world are emphasizing the development and utilization of renewable nonfossil energy. The global energy pattern is undergoing a fundamental change from relying on traditional fossil energy to embracing clean and efficient energy. − Energy storage devices with attractive capacity, extended life span, acceptable safety performance, and satisfying cost manifest the core unit urgently needed to implement the application of renewable energy, the construction of smart grids, and the development of electric vehicles. , Among them, the lithium-ion battery, an anticipated electrochemical energy storage technology, has entered the rapid development stage and shows great potential for applications to a new engine of energy power. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Recycling Strategy for Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Powder: an Efficient and Wastewater-Free Process

Gong

Peng

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Due to its high safety and long cyclic life, the LiFePO4 (LFP) battery has received numerous attention and has been widely used in electric vehicles. Therefore, it is urgent to develop advanced technology to recycle spent LFP batteries to avoid energy exhaustion and protect the environment. Here, we report a direct regeneration strategy for spent LFP powder based on the wet full-component leaching method and traditional LFP production process. Specifically, combined leaching of spent LFP powder using H3PO4 and citric acid was done; meanwhile, the leaching solution is used as the precursor to regenerate LFP cathode materials by a typical LFP spray-drying process. The recovery rates of Li, Fe, and P were above 95%. Effective separation of Al elements could be realized by pretreatment of LFP with a low concentration of LiOH solution, and the Al removal rate can reach 89%. The LFP material regenerated through prealuminum removal demonstrated excellent electrochemical properties, with a discharge capacity of 123.3 mA h g–1 at a rate of 5 C. After 600 cycles at 1 C, its capacity retention was found to be as high as 97.3%. Moreover, the economic benefit analysis indicates that the progress is rewarding. This novel and simple method has made a breakthrough in the limitations of traditional LFP-recovery process, eliminating the complicated chemical precipitation process. Meanwhile, it realizes the direct recovery of LFP and eliminates wastewater at the origin, which is expected to be widely used in industry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Recycling Strategy for Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Powder: an Efficient and Wastewater-Free Process

Gong

Peng

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Direct recycling not only regenerates the cathode material but makes it more applicative for industrial remanufacturing. Upcycling plays a guiding role for battery recycling to reclaim its value, embedded energy, and meanwhile, excavate its potential for upgrading and targeted reuse …”

Section: Perspective and Discussion For Future Direct Recycling Of Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A pressure vessel is used to provide a sufficient pressure and temperature environment, and the Li ions could be reinserted into the lithium vacancies in the layered structure with Li aqueous solution media. Minimal heating is employed to help fix the undesired microphases . Post-short annealing strengthens the crystallinity as well as the interfacial surface of regenerated material for better cycling stability.…”

Section: Relithiation and Crystal Structure Restorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Minimal heating is employed to help fix the undesired microphases. 113 Post-short annealing strengthens the crystallinity as well as the interfacial surface of regenerated material for better cycling stability. Shi et al propose a nondestructive approach using a mixed solution of LiOH and Li 2 SO 4 to treat 106 Copyright 2016, Elsevier.…”

Section: Regeneration Of Cathodementioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustainable Recycling of Electrode Materials in Spent Li-Ion Batteries through Direct Regeneration Processes

Peng

Zhang

2022

ACS EST Eng.

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The prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) globally could generate a huge number of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) as they reach their end of life. It is expected that by 2030, 11 million metric tons of EOL LIBs will be generated cumulatively, with annual waste flows of EV batteries reaching 34,000 t by 2040. Recycling spent LIBs in a sustainable and effective manner is a matter of utmost importance. Conventional recycling strategies such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy decompose the crystal structures of value-added electrode materials to element levels, presenting fatal drawbacks in high greenhouse gas emissions, cost, and energy consumption. The burgeoning direct recycling processes provide viable options to rejuvenate LIB compounds without chemical change, thus retaining their original composition as well as the embedded energy. Relithiation and defect restoration are the critical steps for electrode regeneration, which determine the performance of recovered material. Here, the authors provide a detailed discussion and analysis on different regeneration methods for LIB electrodes based on their degradation mechanisms. The advancements of direct recycling among other recycling technologies are highlighted through discussions of its process benefits. Physical pretreatments including deactivation, disassembly, and black mass separation are introduced. Perspectives toward scaled applications of direct recycling are also demonstrated on the basis of developing trends of future LIBs.

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“…As one of the largest producers of lithium and a key consumer of LiBs (Liu et al, 2021;Yu et al, 2022), China is an important laboratory to test the effects of government policies on enterprise R&D investments in LiB technologies (Chen et al, 2019;Shen and Wang, 2019;Pu et al, 2022). For example, Wu et al (2019) suggested that even with an increase in the number of R&D subsidies, innovation output in Chinese firms was weak, if at all, affected.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the effect of government subsidies on enterprise research and development

Buravleva

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Governments design and implement policies to achieve various goals. Still, perhaps none are as pressing as shifting national economies away from non-renewable fuels and towards more sustainable, environmentally-friendly technologies. To incentivize such transitions, governments provide subsidies to private and public companies to innovate, i.e., to engage in research and development (R&D). However, it can be asked if companies are using government subsidies (GS) actually to perform R&D, and the answer will determine the effectiveness of government policies. This paper seeks to answer this question by investigating Chinese lithium-ion battery (LiB) firms and the GS they receive. Hausman tests, fixed- and random-effects models, and Generalized Method of Moments confirmed a positive but weak correlation between GS and R&D as determined by patent output (PO). Interestingly, observations of information flow suggested that GS also affected other variables such as net profit and main business income. This suggests that firms are awarded GS for higher PO, but a corresponding increase in R&D and its expected growth in company performance is not occurring. It is suggested that performance indicators other than PO be used as Chinese firms may use this metric to apply for more GS, rather than performing R&D that leads to technological breakthroughs.

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A review on comprehensive recycling of spent power lithium-ion battery in China

Cited by 131 publications

References 167 publications

Direct Recycling Strategy for Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Powder: an Efficient and Wastewater-Free Process

Direct Recycling Strategy for Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Powder: an Efficient and Wastewater-Free Process

Sustainable Recycling of Electrode Materials in Spent Li-Ion Batteries through Direct Regeneration Processes

Investigating the effect of government subsidies on enterprise research and development

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