A review on CO2 mitigation in the Iron and Steel industry through Power to X processes

Bailera, Manuel; Lisbona, Pilar; Peña, Begoña; Romeo, Luis M.

doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101456

Cited by 107 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…In the case of the iron and steel industry, electrolysis can be performed as usual on water to produce H 2 or on the CO 2 emissions of the industry to obtain syngas (CO 2 electrolysis). Both the syngas and the H 2 produced can be used in a methanation process to obtain methane (power-to-methane) [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the second method, i.e., DRI, integration of power-to-H 2 has the potential to lead to the low energy consumption (3.5-3.7 MWh/t steel) and net-zero CO 2 emissions (if carbon-free electricity is used, corresponding to 97-100% emission reduction). Still, to make the power-to-H 2 -DRI route competitive, carbon allowances should reach approximately EUR 62 per t CO 2 and electricity price should be below EUR 40 per MWh e [11]. The subsequent process following the DRI, i.e., the EAF, can also benefit from power-to-methane integrations, as partial substitution of electrical energy by natural gas in EAF may be beneficial for CO 2 reduction, thanks to the increment in the efficiency of the process [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CO2 Recycling in the Iron and Steel Industry via Power-to-Gas and Oxy-Fuel Combustion

et al. 2021

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The iron and steel industry is the largest energy-consuming sector in the world. It is responsible for emitting 4–5% of the total anthropogenic CO2. As an energy-intensive industry, it is essential that the iron and steel sector accomplishes important carbon emission reduction. Carbon capture is one of the most promising alternatives to achieve this aim. Moreover, if carbon utilization via power-to-gas is integrated with carbon capture, there could be a significant increase in the interest of this alternative in the iron and steel sector. This paper presents several simulations to integrate oxy-fuel processes and power-to-gas in a steel plant, and compares gas productions (coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, and blast oxygen furnace gas), energy requirements, and carbon reduction with a base case in order to obtain the technical feasibility of the proposals. Two different power-to-gas technology implementations were selected, together with the oxy blast furnace and the top gas recycling technologies. These integrations are based on three strategies: (i) converting the blast furnace (BF) process into an oxy-fuel process, (ii) recirculating blast furnace gas (BFG) back to the BF itself, and (iii) using a methanation process to generate CH4 and also introduce it to the BF. Applying these improvements to the steel industry, we achieved reductions in CO2 emissions of up to 8%, and reductions in coal fuel consumption of 12.8%. On the basis of the results, we are able to conclude that the energy required to achieve the above emission savings could be as low as 4.9 MJ/kg CO2 for the second implementation. These values highlight the importance of carrying out future research in the implementation of carbon capture and power-to-gas in the industrial sector.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 Recycling in the Iron and Steel Industry via Power-to-Gas and Oxy-Fuel Combustion

et al. 2021

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“…The US Department of Energy predicts that the cost of producing hydrogen power will continue to fall from $6 kg −1 in 2015 to $2 kg −1 by 2025, which is motivating. Several studies in the literature have further discussed the political challenges and the progress considering the urbanisation, economics, role, and involvement of industry as well as marketing strategies [4,[6][7][8][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Particularly, ongoing activities in the field of climate change, implementation of fuel cell technology, and urbanisation and public investments [28][29][30][31][32][33] are depicted.…”

Section: Political and Ecological Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is the way green hydrogen is extracted, which has been affecting various sectors. Different processes can also lead to other chemical products classified such as Power to Iron, Power to Hydrogen, Power to Syngas, Power to Methane, and Power to Methanol [22]. As mentioned, the transport sector has been influenced directing towards the use of electrification that is powered by green hydrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Technology towards the Solution of Environment-Friendly New Energy Vehicles

Peksen¹

2021

Energies

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The popularity of climate neutral new energy vehicles for reduced emissions and improved air quality has been raising great attention for many years. World-wide, a strong commitment continues to drive the demand for zero-emission through alternative energy sources and propulsion systems. Despite the fact that 71.27% of hydrogen is produced from natural gas, green hydrogen is a promising clean way to contribute to and maintain a climate neutral ecosystem. Thereby, reaching CO2 targets for 2030 and beyond requires cross-sectoral changes. However, the strong motivation of governments for climate neutrality is challenging many sectors. One of them is the transport sector, as it is challenged to find viable all-in solutions that satisfy social, economic, and sustainable requirements. Currently, the use of new energy vehicles operating on green sustainable hydrogen technologies, such as batteries or fuel cells, has been the focus for reducing the mobility induced emissions. In Europe, 50% of the total emissions result from mobility. The following article reviews the background, ongoing challenges and potentials of new energy vehicles towards the development of an environmentally friendly hydrogen economy. A change management process mindset has been adapted to discuss the key scientific and commercial challenges for a successful transition.

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“…Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the amount of renewable energy introduced and the cost of the entire system required by sector coupling in the energy system that also considers industry. Bailera et al presented the review of Power-to-X processes as applied to the iron/steel industry [19]. In addition, since sector coupling is a concept for the overall optimization of the energy system, many stakeholders need to cooperate to manage the energy system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Design and Analysis of Sector-Coupled Energy System in Northeast Japan

2021

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As for research on sector-coupled energy systems, few studies comprehensively deal with energy carriers and energy demand sectors. Moreover, few studies have analyzed energy conversion functions such as Power-to-Gas, Power-to-Heat, and Vehicle-to-Grid on the energy system performance. This study clarifies the required renewable resources and costs in the sector-coupled energy system and cost-optimal installed capacity and operation. We formulated an optimization model considering sector coupling and conducted a case study applying the model in the Tohoku region. As a result, due to sector coupling, the total primary energy supply (TPES) is expected to decrease, and system costs are expected to increase from 1.8 to 2.4 times the current level. System costs were minimized when maximizing the use of V2G by electric vehicles and district heating systems (DHS). From the hourly analysis, it becomes clear that the peak cut effect by Power-to-Heat and the peak shift effect by Vehicle-to-Grid result in leveling the output of electrolyzer and fuel synthesizer, which improves the capacity factor reducing capacity addition. Since a large amount of renewable energy is required to realize the designed energy system, it is necessary to reduce the energy demand mainly in the industrial sector. Besides, in order to reduce costs, it is required to utilize electric vehicles by V2G and provide policy support for district heating systems in Japan.

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A review on CO2 mitigation in the Iron and Steel industry through Power to X processes

Cited by 107 publications

References 73 publications

CO2 Recycling in the Iron and Steel Industry via Power-to-Gas and Oxy-Fuel Combustion

CO2 Recycling in the Iron and Steel Industry via Power-to-Gas and Oxy-Fuel Combustion

Hydrogen Technology towards the Solution of Environment-Friendly New Energy Vehicles

Optimal Design and Analysis of Sector-Coupled Energy System in Northeast Japan

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