A review on characteristics of composite and advanced materials used for aerospace applications

Tiwary, Akash; Kumar, Raman; Chohan, Jasgurpreet Singh

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.276

Cited by 51 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…As stated above, it is not possible to construct the general curing model suitable for any thermo-reactive binder [23,24]. This is due to significant difference in the behaviour of various types of polymers [22].…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assuming that after gelation the Poisson's ratio and the binder linear thermal expansion coefficient change insignificantly, we consider them independent of the degree of curing. However, we take into account a significant change in the binder linear thermal expansion coefficient on the temperature T. Dependence of the elastic characteristics of initial PCM components (fibre and matrix) on the temperature will be neglected because of a slight change in these properties at low curing temperatures [22]. Dependences of the current elastic characteristics of the monolayer at a particular moment of curing on the characteristics of the fibre and matrix were determined using the known dependencies [51,52]:…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to determine the stress-strain behaviour of the structure under repair, we apply the analytical model of a panel of step-variable thickness [19]. Now we shall analyse the external and internal force factors leading to the appearance of stresses in the structure under repair, using the example of typical temperature-time dependence of the polymeric binder curing mode (Figure 3) [19,22].…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Technological stresses are caused by shrinkage of the polymeric binder, as well as the difference in the linear thermal expansion coefficients of materials to be joined [21]. Curing of thermo-reactive polymeric binder as the most commonly used binder in the repair patches of various applications [22] is, in fact, the combination of a number of physico-chemical processes. Their mutual influence determines the behaviour of the binder and the nature of changes in its main characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Effects of the Temperature–Time Regime of Curing of Composite Patch on Repair Process Efficiency

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Repair procedures with the use of composite patches are considered to be the most effective among the current technologies of repair of the structures of various applications. In the process of moulding-on of a patch made of polymeric composite material by means of curing, technological stresses arise in the patch. Determination of residual technological stresses is a priority task for the modelling of the repair process. Reduction of residual stresses can be achieved by optimization of the mode of repair patch curing. For meeting this objective, the method for determination of technological stresses, which arise in the structure under repair in the process of curing of a composite patch, has been developed. The method takes into account the shrinkage, change in physico-mechanical characteristics, rheological processes occurring in the binder during moulding process, and determination of stresses in the structure under repair at any time. Therefore, premature failure of the repair joint at the stage of repair can be avoided. It is shown that the method adequately describes the level of deformations and stresses in the structure being repaired at the stage of heating and holding of the composite patch. Increase in the moulding temperature leads to a reduction in residual stresses in the structure under repair. However, current stresses at the stages of heating and temperature holding are increased significantly. Reliability of assumptions and developed method is confirmed by the comparison with the experimental data. The obtained experimental graph of total deformation of the composite patch allowed us to clearly determine the moment of residual stress occurrence in the structure under repair. This moment matches quite exactly (with the discrepancy not exceeding 5 min) the gel point determined analytically based on dependence of the degree of curing on the moulding mode. Consequently, the research together with the results previously obtained allows making an integrated choice of geometric parameters of the repair composite patch and temperature–time regime of its curing in order to ensure the specified level of strength and stiffness of the structure under repair.

show abstract

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of the Temperature–Time Regime of Curing of Composite Patch on Repair Process Efficiency

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…At the present time, composite materials based on ultrathin carbon, glass, organic and other types of fibres in combination with polymeric binders are widely used in various branches of technology [1][2][3][4], such as general construction, bridge engineering, road infrastructure, transport, agricultural machinery, the power sector, biomedicine, and petrochemistry [5][6][7][8][9][10]. The shipbuilding industry, engine manufacturing, aviation, rocket and space technology are the most promising fields of application of polymeric composite materials [11,12]. High specific strength and stiffness, as well as a number of other unique properties of the composites, which allow the implementation of special qualities in the structure, are in demand in these fields [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Heating Mould for Composite Manufacturing

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The shipbuilding industry, engine manufacturing, aviation, rocket and space technology are promising fields of application for polymeric composite materials. Shape-generating moulding tools with internal heating are used for the creation of a more economically viable method of moulding of internally heated composite structures. The use of a fine-fibered resistive structure in the heated tools allows implementation of effective heating of the composite and elimination of the need for expensive and energy-intensive heating equipment. The aim of this paper was the reduction of energy consumption for internally heated moulding tools by choosing the optimal parameters for their resistive layer. A method for determination of the parameters of the moulding tool resistive layer was developed. This method allows calculation of the heating layer parameters and implementation of the specified time–temperature regime for moulding of the composite structure. It was shown that energy saving for the heated fiberglass shape-generating moulding tools was from 40 to 60%. It was found that the increase in the thickness of the moulded package of the polymeric composite material resulted not only in a higher supplied power for the heating system, but also in a complication of the method for system control, because of the growing exothermic effect of the binder curing reaction. For composite products based on Hysol EA 9396 binder, thicknesses more than 4 mm are critical, because it is not possible to cope with the self-heating effect only by cooling with ambient air already utilized at the twentieth minute of the moulding process. The influence of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the moulding tool material and stiffening ribs was analysed in terms of energy consumption and controllability of the heating system. Fiberglass shows the lowest energy consumption. Heating of the aluminium and steel moulding tools for the same purpose will require 20% and 45% more power, respectively. An increase in the number of stiffening ribs has a strong effect on the heat removal of the heating system. With a small number of aluminium ribs it is not possible to maintain the specified temperature–time regime for a fiberglass moulded package of 5 mm thick with the use of the equipment. However, when the number of stiffeners is increased to 10, the exothermic effect of the reaction becomes smoother and then the heating equipment can cope with the task. An experimental prototype of heating equipment of moulding tools for the manufacturing of structures of polymeric composite materials, as well as a flexible thermal blanket for repair of non-separable structures, were developed. The results can be the basis for a new method of optimal design of parameters of moulding tool structure at minimal heat removal to the environment.

show abstract

Additive Manufacturing of Flexible Strain Sensors Based on Smart Composites for Structural Health Monitoring with High Accuracy and Fidelity

Ahmed,

Bodaghi,

Nauman

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This research introduces novel flexible spherical carbon nanoparticle‐based polyurethane conductive ink, which is employed to 3D print strain sensors by a lab‐developed Direct Ink Writing system. Rheological tests are performed, and sensors are pasted on Glass‐Fiber‐Reinforced Plastic specimens to study strain gauge behaviors under quasi‐static loading. The gauge factor in tensile loading is found to be layer width dependent as decreasing the strain gauge’s layer width increases the sensitivity of the strain sensor. A maximum gauge factor of 34 is achieved using a layer width of 0.2mm, 17 times greater than commercially available metal foil strain gauges. The four‐point bend tests are performed under tension/compression to assess the sensor’s strain‐sensing and damage‐monitoring ability. Fractographic analysis is coupled with strain monitoring using the developed sensor, which confirms that the failure progresses from intralaminar failure modes such as ply splitting in tension. At the same time, delamination leads to kink band formation under compression and the eventual failure of load‐bearing fibers. The developed sensor exhibits repeatable performance with low hysteresis and integrated non‐linearity errors for up to 1000 cycles. The developed sensors could be effectively employed for online in‐situ structural health monitoring of structures in different applications under static and dynamic loading.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

show abstract

A review on characteristics of composite and advanced materials used for aerospace applications

Cited by 51 publications

References 18 publications

Effects of the Temperature–Time Regime of Curing of Composite Patch on Repair Process Efficiency

Effects of the Temperature–Time Regime of Curing of Composite Patch on Repair Process Efficiency

Self-Heating Mould for Composite Manufacturing

Additive Manufacturing of Flexible Strain Sensors Based on Smart Composites for Structural Health Monitoring with High Accuracy and Fidelity

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About