A review on challenges and issues with carboxymethylation of natural gums: The widely used excipients for conventional and novel dosage forms

Badwaik, Hemant Ramachandra; Kumari, Leena; Maiti, Sabyasachi; Sakure, Kalyani; AJAZUDDIN, .; Nakhate, Kartik T.; Tiwari, Vaibhav; Giri, Tapan Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.201

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…However, in the 13 C NMR spectrum of GG, the anomeric carbons were observed at 102.64 ppm, while the remaining carbons in the ring were observed between δ (40–80 ppm). The peak at δ (74.53 ppm) was related to the carbon atoms connected by −OH groups such as in the six-membered ring, except for the anomeric carbon atom in the case of α- d -galactose and β- d -mannose units, and another peak at δ (63.5 ppm) was attributed to the carbon at the C 6 position (−CH 2 OH group) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The peak at δ (74.53 ppm) was related to the carbon atoms connected by −OH groups such as in the six-membered ring, except for the anomeric carbon atom in the case of α- d -galactose and β- d -mannose units, and another peak at δ (63.5 ppm) was attributed to the carbon at the C 6 position (−CH 2 OH group). 58 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The peak at δ (74.53 ppm) was related to the carbon atoms connected by −OH groups such as in the six-membered ring, except for the anomeric carbon atom in the case of α-Dgalactose and β-D-mannose units, and another peak at δ (63.5 ppm) was attributed to the carbon at the C 6 position (−CH 2 OH group). 58 As is seen in the 1 H NMR spectrum of CMG, the anomeric protons of CMG were observed at δ (4.96 and 4.68 ppm), whereas the spectrum for CMG revealed the appearance of new proton peaks at δ (3.74, 3.89, and 4.2 ppm), ascribed to methylene protons in the carboxymethyl substituents at the C 6 position of the α-D-galactose unit and the C 3 −C 6 positions of the β-D-mannose unit. However, in the 13 C NMR spectrum of CMG, similarly to the peaks present in GG spectra, the anomeric carbons were observed at δ (100.75 ppm), while the remaining carbons in the ring were observed between δ (50.32 and 71.65 ppm).…”

Section: Structural Characterization 321 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance A...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis, Characterization, and Swelling Properties of a New Highly Absorbent Hydrogel Based on Carboxymethyl Guar Gum Reinforced with Bentonite and Silica Particles for Disposable Hygiene Products

et al. 2022

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Superabsorbent polymers derived from petroleum have been widely used as the primary component of high-water-absorption disposable sanitary products. However, environmental concerns as well as unstable market prices influence the quality of disposable hygiene products. The development of superabsorbent polymers from natural, non-petroleum-derived materials has become more predominant. In the present study, two borax-cross-linked carboxymethyl guar-based superabsorbents with bentonite (CMG-Bt) and fumed silica particle reinforcement (CMG-Bt-Si) were synthesized. The materials have been fully characterized by various techniques. The swelling behavior was studied through free swelling capacity (FSC) and centrifuge retention capacity (CRC). The swelling kinetics and urea absorption capacity were further analyzed. The effects of the cross-linking ratio, mineral clay, silica particles, and pH of the liquids on the swelling properties of the superabsorbents have been studied. The incorporation of silica particles demonstrated a positive effect on water uptake reaching 78.63 and 41.09 g/g of FSC and CRC, respectively, at an optimum pH of 6.8. The optimum swelling kinetics were attributed to CMG-Bt-Si of 5 wt % silica particle content, indicating a velocity parameter (ζ) of 41 s in saline solution. Finally, the highest swelling values were obtained at 10, 10, and 5 wt % for the cross-linking ratio, bentonite content, and silica particle content, respectively; in addition, the absorption of urea by the CMG-Bt-Si material was also confirmed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Structural Characterization 321 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance A...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis, Characterization, and Swelling Properties of a New Highly Absorbent Hydrogel Based on Carboxymethyl Guar Gum Reinforced with Bentonite and Silica Particles for Disposable Hygiene Products

et al. 2022

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“…The solid-state 13 anomeric carbon of polysaccharides chain. There is shift in the peak in CMLB w.r.t.…”

Section: C-nmrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethylated Locust Bean Gum‐co‐poly(SA)‐cl‐poly(MBA) pH Responsive Hydrogel for Controlled Drug Delivery of Metformin Hydrochloride

Tanwar,

Rani,

Gupta

2023

ChemistrySelect

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The development of hydrophilic carriers with dual stimuli‐ responsiveness for the drug encapsulation and controlled release is one of the biggest challenges for the modern medicinal chemist. In this context, the current study explores the application of locust bean gum (LB), to develop a pH and temperature responsive matrix for controlled delivery of an anti‐diabetic drug, Metformin HCl (MFH) for the first time. LB gum was first structurally modified to carboxymethylated locust bean gum (CMLB). It was copolymerized with sodium acrylate (SA) and cross‐linked by using N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) to form hydrogel (CMLB‐co‐poly(SA)‐cl‐poly(MBA)). The model hydrogel was examined using FTIR, TGA, SEM, XRD, and 13C‐NMR to determine structural changes, thermal behaviour and surface morphology. Network parameters confirm the porous nature of the hydrogel and support their swelling behaviour. The drug loaded CMLB‐co‐poly(SA)‐cl‐poly(MBA) hydrogel follows the non‐Fickian diffusion of the anti‐diabetic drug, Metformin HCl (MFH), which is having short and biological half life time. The MFH release profile was analysed by fitting data in the Korsmeyer‐Peppas kinetic model with high rate of release in pH 7.4 compared to Distilled Water (DW) and pH 2.2. Thus we can explore the bio‐compatible synthesized hydrogel as a carrier for sustained drug delivery.

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“…It must be emphasized that the purity of both active ingredients and excipients is crucial for the quality of pharmaceutical dosage forms and the presence of potential impurities or difficulties encountered in the purification process can limit the usefulness of polysaccharide gums obtained from natural sources in large-scale industrial drug manufacturing. Finally, susceptibility to microbial contamination is mentioned among the drawbacks of polysaccharide gums [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Gums in Drug-Loaded Micro- and Nanogels

et al. 2023

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Gums are polysaccharide compounds obtained from natural sources, such as plants, algae and bacteria. Because of their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, as well as their ability to swell and their sensitivity to degradation by the colon microbiome, they are regarded as interesting potential drug carriers. In order to obtain properties differing from the original compounds, blends with other polymers and chemical modifications are usually applied. Gums and gum-derived compounds can be applied in the form of macroscopic hydrogels or can be formulated into particulate systems that can deliver the drugs via different administration routes. In this review, we present and summarize the most recent studies regarding micro- and nanoparticles obtained with the use of gums extensively investigated in pharmaceutical technology, their derivatives and blends with other polymers. This review focuses on the most important aspects of micro- and nanoparticulate systems formulation and their application as drug carriers, as well as the challenges related to these formulations.

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A review on challenges and issues with carboxymethylation of natural gums: The widely used excipients for conventional and novel dosage forms

Cited by 20 publications

References 130 publications

Synthesis, Characterization, and Swelling Properties of a New Highly Absorbent Hydrogel Based on Carboxymethyl Guar Gum Reinforced with Bentonite and Silica Particles for Disposable Hygiene Products

Synthesis, Characterization, and Swelling Properties of a New Highly Absorbent Hydrogel Based on Carboxymethyl Guar Gum Reinforced with Bentonite and Silica Particles for Disposable Hygiene Products

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethylated Locust Bean Gum‐co‐poly(SA)‐cl‐poly(MBA) pH Responsive Hydrogel for Controlled Drug Delivery of Metformin Hydrochloride

Natural Gums in Drug-Loaded Micro- and Nanogels

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